Online identification and classification of Gannan navel oranges with Cu contamination by LIBS with IGA-optimized SVM.

Elements such as minerals and heavy metals play important roles in the nutrition and safety of agricultural products. It is necessary to develop rapid, online, real-time and methods for monitoring the substances in farm products. Gannan navel oranges are a unique variety of fruit, which may be affected by Cu pollution due to abundant copper mines and other factors.