Spreading depolarization triggers pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling: a potential link to headache.

Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), the neurophysiological event believed to underlie aura, may trigger migraine headaches through inflammatory signaling that originates in neurons and spreads to the meninges via astrocytes. Increasing evidence from studies on rodents and migraine patients supports this hypothesis. The transition from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mechanisms is crucial for resolving inflammation.

Cytokines and Other Laboratory Parameters of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients that Predict Intensive Care Unit Admission.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the roles of cytokines and other laboratory parameters in determining the need for intensive care in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: This is a retrospective observational study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters of the patients were evaluated.

ISB 2001 trispecific T cell engager shows strong tumor cytotoxicity and overcomes immune escape mechanisms of multiple myeloma cells.

Despite recent advances in immunotherapies targeting single tumor-associated antigens, patients with multiple myeloma eventually relapse. ISB 2001 is a CD3 T cell engager (TCE) co-targeting BCMA and CD38 designed to improve cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma. Targeting of two tumor-associated antigens by a single TCE resulted in superior cytotoxic potency across a variable range of BCMA and CD38 tumor expression profiles mimicking natural tumor heterogeneity, improved resistance to competing soluble factors and exhibited superior cytotoxic potency on patient-derived samples and in mouse models.

Transient global amnesia and hippocampal diffusion restriction: an overlooked radiological finding.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by isolated sudden anterograde amnesia. Diffusion restriction can be observed in the hippocampus on DWI-MRI at varying rates in TGA patients. This study analyzes the prevalence and characteristics of the hippocampal diffusion restriction (HDR), its relationship with vascular risk factors, and the prevalence of lesions overlooked in routine reports.

Optimizing SH-SY5Y cell culture: exploring the beneficial effects of an alternative media supplement on cell proliferation and viability.

In the quest to unravel the mysteries of neurological diseases, comprehending the underlying mechanisms is supreme. The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line serves as a crucial tool in this endeavor; however, the cells are known for its sensitivity and slow proliferation rates. Typically, this cell line is cultured with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) supplement.

Intra-prostatic tumour evolution, steps in metastatic spread and histogenomic associations revealed by integration of multi-region whole-genome sequencing with histopathological features.

Background: Extension of prostate cancer beyond the primary site by local invasion or nodal metastasis is associated with poor prognosis. Despite significant research on tumour evolution in prostate cancer metastasis, the emergence and evolution of cancer clones at this early stage of expansion and spread are poorly understood. We aimed to delineate the routes of evolution and cancer spread within the prostate and to seminal vesicles and lymph nodes, linking these to histological features that are used in diagnostic risk stratification.

Vesicular HMGB1 release from neurons stressed with spreading depolarization enables confined inflammatory signaling to astrocytes.

The role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in inflammation is well characterized in the immune system and in response to tissue injury. More recently, HMGB1 was also shown to initiate an "inflammatory signaling cascade" in the brain parenchyma after a mild and brief disturbance, such as cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), leading to headache. Despite substantial evidence implying a role for inflammatory signaling in prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders such as migraine and depression, how HMGB1 is released from healthy neurons and how inflammatory signaling is initiated in the absence of apparent cell injury are not well characterized.

Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system.

Decades of research have characterized diverse immune cells surveilling the CNS. More recently, the discovery of osseous channels (so-called 'skull channels') connecting the meninges with the skull and vertebral bone marrow has revealed a new layer of complexity in our understanding of neuroimmune interactions. Here we discuss our current understanding of skull and vertebral bone marrow anatomy, its contribution of leukocytes to the meninges, and its surveillance of the CNS.

Comparing therapeutic effects of alternate day versus daily oral iron in women with iron deficiency anemia: A retrospective cohort study.

In order to replenish iron stores and bring hemoglobin (Hb) levels back to normal, oral iron is the primary treatment option for women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This study investigated the efficacy and side effects of daily versus alternate-day, given single doses versus double doses oral iron supplementation for treating IDA. A retrospective cohort study was performed between 2021 and 2022, including 120 patients.

Post-inflammatory administration of -acetylcysteine reduces inflammation and alters receptor levels in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence of 1% over the age of 55. Neuropathological hallmarks of PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the accumulation of Lewy bodies that contain a variety of proteins and lipids including alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Although the formation of α-syn occurs intracellularly, it can also be found in the extracellular space where it can be taken up by neighboring cells.

Preclinical characterization of ISB 1342, a CD38 × CD3 T-cell engager for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Although treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) with daratumumab significantly extends the patient's lifespan, resistance to therapy is inevitable. ISB 1342 was designed to target MM cells from patients with relapsed/refractory MM (r/r MM) displaying lower sensitivity to daratumumab. ISB 1342 is a bispecific antibody with a high-affinity Fab binding to CD38 on tumor cells on a different epitope than daratumumab and a detuned scFv domain affinity binding to CD3ε on T cells, to mitigate the risk of life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, using the Bispecific Engagement by Antibodies based on the TCR (BEAT) platform.

Predictors of 3-month mortality with muscle ultrasound and palliative prognostic tools among patients admitted to palliative care units.

Background/aims: Prognostic factors are an important issue in progressive and life-limiting diseases. This study evaluate 3-month mortality in patients admitted to the palliative care unit (PCU).

Methods: In this study, the patient's demographics, comorbidities, nutritional status, and laboratory values were recorded.

Evaluation of EfficientNet models for COVID-19 detection using lung parenchyma.

When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in the beginning of 2020, it became crucial to enhance early diagnosis with efficient means to reduce dangers and future spread of the viruses as soon as possible. Finding effective treatments and lowering mortality rates is now more important than ever. Scanning with a computer tomography (CT) scanner is a helpful method for detecting COVID-19 in this regard.

Metabolic profiling of prostate cancer in skeletal microenvironments identifies G6PD as a key mediator of growth and survival.

The spread of cancer to bone is invariably fatal, with complex cross-talk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment responsible for driving disease progression. By combining in silico analysis of patient datasets with metabolomic profiling of prostate cancer cells cultured with bone cells, we demonstrate the changing energy requirements of prostate cancer cells in the bone microenvironment, identifying the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) as elevated in prostate cancer bone metastasis, with increased expression of the PPP rate-limiting enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) associated with a reduction in progression-free survival. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulation demonstrates that G6PD inhibition reduces prostate cancer growth and migration, associated with changes in cellular redox state and increased chemosensitivity.

Confocal reflectance microscopy for metal and lipid nanoparticle visualization in the brain.

A requirement for nanoparticle (NP) research is visualization of particles within cells and tissues. Limitations of electron microscopy and low yields of NP fluorescent tagging warrant the identification of alternative imaging techniques. Confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM) in combination with fluorescence imaging was assessed for visualizing rhodamine B-conjugated silver and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lipid core-stearylamine NP uptake and .

Parenchymal neuroinflammatory signaling and dural neurogenic inflammation in migraine.

Background: Pain is generally concomitant with an inflammatory reaction at the site where the nociceptive fibers are activated. Rodent studies suggest that a sterile meningeal inflammatory signaling cascade may play a role in migraine headache as well. Experimental studies also suggest that a parenchymal inflammatory signaling cascade may report the non-homeostatic conditions in brain to the meninges to induce headache.

DNA binding alters ARv7 dimer interactions.

Androgen receptor (AR) splice variants are proposed to be a potential driver of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. AR splice variant 7 (ARv7) is the most commonly observed isoform and strongly correlates with resistance to second-generation anti-androgens. Despite this clinical evidence, the interplay between ARv7 and the highly expressed full-length AR (ARfl) remains unclear.

Evaluation of parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding self-medication for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey.

Background: Self-medication refers to taking medicine without consultation with a doctor or dentist, and it is an important health issue, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no data about parents' SM practices for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to evaluate parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding self-medication for their children's dental problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Turkey.

Non-hexagonal neural dynamics in vowel space.

Are the grid cells discovered in rodents relevant to human cognition? Following up on two seminal studies by others, we aimed to check whether an approximate 6-fold, grid-like symmetry shows up in the cortical activity of humans who "navigate" between vowels, given that vowel space can be approximated with a continuous trapezoidal 2D manifold, spanned by the first and second formant frequencies. We created 30 vowel trajectories in the assumedly flat central portion of the trapezoid. Each of these trajectories had a duration of 240 milliseconds, with a steady start and end point on the perimeter of a "wheel".

KCl-induced cortical spreading depression waves more heterogeneously propagate than optogenetically-induced waves in lissencephalic brain: an analysis with optical flow tools.

Although cortical spreading depolarizations (CSD) were originally assumed to be homogeneously and concentrically propagating waves, evidence obtained first in gyrencephalic brains and later in lissencephalic brains suggested a rather non-uniform propagation, shaped heterogeneously by factors like cortical region differences, vascular anatomy, wave recurrences and refractory periods. Understanding this heterogeneity is important to better evaluate the experimental models on the mechanistics of CSD and to make appropriate clinical estimations on neurological disorders like migraine, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. This study demonstrates the application of optical flow analysis tools for systematic and objective evaluation of spatiotemporal CSD propagation patterns in anesthetized mice and compares the propagation profile in different CSD induction models.

In silico Analysis of Sulpiride, Synthesis, Characterization and In vitro Studies of its Nanoparticle for the Treatment of Schizophrenia.

Background: Sulpiride, which has selective dopaminergic blocking activity, is a substituted benzamide antipsychotic drug playing a prominent role in the treatment of schizophrenia, which more selective and primarily blocks dopamine D2 and D3 receptor.

Objective: This study has two main objectives, firstly; the molecular modeling studies (MD and Docking, ADME) were conducted to define the molecular profile of sulpiride and sulpiridereceptor interactions, another to synthesize polymeric nanoparticles with chitosan, having the advantage of slow/controlled drug release, to improve drug solubility and stability, to enhance utility and reduce toxicity.

Methods: Molecular dynamic simulation was carried out to determine the conformational change and stability (in water) of the drug and the binding profile of D3 dopamine receptor was determined by molecular docking calculations.

Production and characterization of a conserved M2e peptide-based specific IgY antibody: evaluation of the diagnostic potential via conjugation with latex nanoparticles.

Antibodies play an important role in combating and controlling viral diseases such as influenza. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies have several advantages such as a less invasive manufacturing process, ease of isolation, higher affinity compared with IgG antibodies, and cost-effectiveness. To date, although specific IgY production has been performed for different strains of influenza A, to the best of our knowledge, an IgY against the M2e peptide has not been produced.

Use of anti-Parkinson medication during pregnancy: a case series.

Introduction: Experience about the use and safety of anti-Parkinson (anti-PD) medication during pregnancy is scarce.

Methods: We have retrospectively evaluated the course and outcome of pregnancy in PD patients who used anti-PD medication during their pregnancy.

Results: 14 PD patients who used anti-PD medication during part or whole of their pregnancy were included.