Development and characterization of a surfactant responsive to redox conditions for gas recovery in foam drainage.

To address the challenge of reusing foaming agents in foam drainage gas production processes, we developed a redox-responsive surfactant with a straightforward preparation method based on molecular electrostatic interaction assembly. The redox response mechanism of the surfactant was investigated through surface tension, absorbance, particle size, and Zeta potential analyses. Results indicate that the minimum surface tension in the oxidized state can reach 26.

An oral probiotic vaccine loaded by Lactobacillus casei effectively increases defense against GCRV infection in grass carp.

For a long time, grass carp culture in China has been severely affected by Grass Carp hemorrhagic disease caused by Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV). At present, vaccines have been widely used for protecting aquatic organisms against infectious diseases, among which oral immunization with Lactobacillus casei is safe and highly effective. This vaccination route has the advantages of easy administration and noninvasive delivery.

A molecular mechanism underlies grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) TARBP2 regulating PKR-mediated cell apoptosis.

Interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is one of the key antiviral arms in the innate immune system. The activated PKR performs its antiviral function by inhibiting protein translation and inducing apoptosis. In our previous study, we identified grass carp TARBP2 as an inhibitor of PKR activity, thereby suppressing cell apoptosis.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Mex3B positively regulates innate immunity by promoting the K63-linked ubiquitination of TLR3.

As a member of Mex3 (muscle excess protein-3) family, Mex3B (Mex-3 RNA binding family member B) is crucial in cell proliferation and migration in mammals. In this study, an ortholog of mammalian Mex3B (denominated CiMex3B, MT276802.1) was cloned and identified in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Grass Carp Mex3A Promotes Ubiquitination and Degradation of RIG-I to Inhibit Innate Immune Response.

As one of the Mex3 family members, Mex3A is crucial in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in mammals. In this study, a novel gene homologous to mammalian Mex3A (named , MW368974) was cloned and identified in grass carp, which is 1,521 bp in length encoding a putative polypeptide of 506 amino acids. In CIK cells, is upregulated after stimulation with LPS, Z-DNA, and especially with intracellular poly(I:C).

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) DYRK2 modulates cell apoptosis through phosphorylating p53.

In mammals, DYRK2 increases p53 phosphorylation level by interacting with it and then promotes cell apoptosis. However, the function of fish DYRK2 has not yet been elucidated. In this paper, we cloned and identified the coding sequence (CDS) of a grass carp DYRK2 (CiDYRK2) which is 1773 bp in length and encodes 590 amino acids.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Trans-Activation-Responsive RNA-binding protein 2 (TARBP2) inhibits apoptosis by decreasing PKR phosphorylation.

PKR plays a significant role in IFN antiviral responses and in mediating apoptosis. Its activity is crucial for cellular antiviral and subsequent recovery. In mammalian cells, Protein Activator of the Interferon-induced Protein Kinase (PACT) and Trans-Activation-Responsive RNA-Binding Protein 2 (TARBP2) have the opposite effect on PKR activity in a dsRNA independent manner.

Grass Carp () KAT8 Inhibits IFN 1 Response Through Acetylating IRF3/IRF7.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, , have been reported to modulate the activities of IRF3 and IRF7. In this study, we found an acetyltransferase KAT8 in grass carp (KAT8, MW286472) that acetylated IRF3/IRF7 and then resulted in inhibition of IFN 1 response. KAT8 expression was up-regulated in the cells under poly I:C, B-DNA or Z-DNA stimulation as well as GCRV(strain 873) or SVCV infection.

Grass carp PRMT6 negatively regulates innate immunity by inhibiting the TBK1/IRF3 binding and cutting down IRF3 phosphorylation level.

Subcellular localization analysis implicated that CiPRMT6 was mainly located in the nucleus, with a small part of them located in the cytoplasm. PRMT6, namely protein arginine methyltransferase 6, was first identified and demonstrated to catalyze the methylation of arginine residue on the chromatin histones in mammals. Mammalian PRMT6 usually acts as an arginine methyltransferase in the nucleus, but induces antiviral innate immune response in the cytoplasm.

Fish Paralog Proteins RNASEK-a and -b Enhance Type I Interferon Secretion and Promote Apoptosis.

Type I interferon and apoptosis elicit multifaceted effects on host defense and various diseases, such as viral infections and cancers. However, the gene/protein network regulating type I interferon and apoptosis has not been elucidated completely. In this study, we selected grass carp () as an experimental model to investigate the modulation of RNASEK on the secretion of type I interferon and apoptosis.

cGASa and cGASb from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) play opposite roles in mediating type I interferon response.

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is known as a DNA sensor for the initiation of innate immune responses in human and other mammals. However, the knowledge about fish cGAS is limited. In this study, we identified two paralogs of cGAS genes from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), namely, CicGASa and CicGASb.

Grass Carp () NIMA-Related Kinase 6 Blocks dsRNA-Induced IFN I Response by Targeting IRF3.

Accumulating evidence indicates that mammalian NIMA (never in mitosis, gene A)-related kinase 6 (NEK6) plays potential roles during the course of tumorigenesis, but little is known about NEK6 in lower vertebrates. Herein, we reported a mammalian ortholog of NEK6 in grass carp () (CiNEK6). Multiple alignment of amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis showed that CiNEK6 shares a high level of sequence similarity with its counterparts in birds.

IRF9 promotes apoptosis and innate immunity by inhibiting SIRT1-p53 axis in fish.

As a NAD-dependent deacetylase, SIRT1 is widely involved in apoptosis and cellular inflammation via multiple pathways such as p53, NF-кB and STAT. More and more studies have shown that p53 is the first non-histone deacetylation target of SIRT1. SIRT1-p53 axis thus plays an important role in mammalian cells.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) NRF2 alleviates the oxidative stress and enhances cell viability through upregulating the expression of HO-1.

As a member of the Cap 'n' Collar (CNC) family, NRF2 contains a basic leucine zipper (bZip) and can regulate the downstream target gene heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in response to oxidative stress. In the present study, a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) NRF2 ORF was cloned and identified. The largest ORF (1782 bp) encodes a polypeptide of 593 amino acids.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) TRAF6 up-regulates IFN1 expression by activating IRF5.

In mammals, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) can be activated by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Upon activation, IRF5 translocates into the nucleus, where it binds to IFN promoter and up-regulates IFN expression. However, there are few reports on the molecular mechanism by which TRAF6 up-regulates IFN expression in fish.

Overexpression of CiIKKβ enhances CIK cell viability against ER stress.

Recently, studies have shown that IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a critical kinase in the nucleus factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, participates in inflammatory responses associated with unfolded protein response (UPR) and plays an important role in ER stress-induced cell death. The unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a regulatory system to restore cellular homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as oxidative stress, bacterial infection, and virus invasion. The UPR pathways have been reported to be involved in immune responses in mammals, including the classical NF-κB pathway.

The Fish-Specific Protein Kinase (PKZ) Initiates Innate Immune Responses via IRF3- and ISGF3-Like Mediated Pathways.

PKZ is a fish-specific protein kinase containing Zα domains. PKZ is known to induce apoptosis through phosphorylating eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase (eIF2α) in the same way as double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), but its exact role in detecting pathogens remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, we have found that PKZ acts as a fish-specific DNA sensor by initiating IFN expression through IRF3- or ISGF3-like mediated pathways.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) RSK2 protects cells anti-apoptosis by up-regulating BCL-2.

In mammals, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is capable of recognizing double-stranded RNA and then initiates transcription of IFN-β. TLR3 can activate the innate immune system by phosphorylating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. As a downstream signaling protein of ERK1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha 3 (RSK2) is activated through the "classical" MAPK pathway.

Identification of the SAMHD1 gene in grass carp and its roles in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting GCRV proliferation.

SAMHD1 is an innate immunity restriction factor that inhibits virus infection through IRF3-mediated antiviral and apoptotic responses. Fish SAMHD1 shares some similar properties with those in mammals. In this study, a SAMHD1 orthologue from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was cloned and characterized.

Identification and functional characterization of IRAK-4 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), a central TIR signaling mediator in innate immunity, can initiate a cascade of signaling events and lead to induction of inflammatory target gene expression eventually. In the present study, we cloned and characterized an IRAK4 orthologue from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full length cDNA of CiIRAK4 was 2057 bp with an ORF of 1422 bp encoding a polypeptide of 472 amino acids.

Ctenopharyngodon idella TBK1 activates innate immune response via IRF7.

In mammals, IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 7 is a central regulator of IFN-α expression in response to variable pathogenic infections. There are several pathogenic sensors involved in monitoring pathogen intrusion in mammals. These sensors trigger IRF7-mediated responses through different pathways.

Fish SAMHD1 performs as an activator for IFN expression.

As a host limiting factor, Sterile Alpha Motif and Histidine-Aspartate Domain 1 protein (SAMHD1) is associated with IRF3-mediated antiviral and apoptotic responses in mammals. However, the antiviral mechanism of SAMHD1 remains indistinct in fish. In this study, we found the expression of Ctenopharyngodon idella SAMHD1 (MF326081) was up-regulated after transfection with poly I:C (dsRNA analog), B-DNA or Z-DNA into C.