Ultrasensitive detection of doxycycline enabled by oxygen vacancy modulated TiO nanotubes.

TiO nanotubes rich in oxygen vacancies (Ov), which were successfully fabricated on Ti foils, were used as the working electrode of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor. The TiO nanotube electrode optimized with abundant Ov demonstrated a remarkable photocurrent density of 1.03 mA/cm, which is approximately 2.