Mechanism of Shenfu Injection in Treating Ischemic Stroke Elucidated using Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

Background: Shenfu injection was derived from the classical Chinese medicine formula 'Shenfu decoction', which was widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in clinical practice.

Objectives: Predict the main active ingredients, core targets, and related signaling pathways of Shenfu injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Methods: Databases were used to collect the active ingredients and target information of Shenfu injection; GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the David database.

Population size and time since island isolation determine genetic diversity loss in insular frog populations.

Understanding the factors that contribute to loss of genetic diversity in fragmented populations is crucial for conservation measurements. Land-bridge archipelagoes offer ideal model systems for identifying the long-term effects of these factors on genetic variations in wild populations. In this study, we used nine microsatellite markers to quantify genetic diversity and differentiation of 810 pond frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) from 24 islands of the Zhoushan Archipelago and three sites on nearby mainland China and estimated the effects of the island area, population size, time since island isolation, distance to the mainland and distance to the nearest larger island on reduced genetic diversity of insular populations.