capD deletion in the Elizabethkingia miricola capsular locus leads to capsule production deficiency and reduced virulence.

Elizabethkingia miricola is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised humans and outbreaks in amphibians. However, the specific virulence factors of this microorganism have not been described. In this study, we identified the polysaccharide biosynthesis protein-encoding gene capD, which is located in the conserved region of the Wzy-dependent capsule synthesis gene cluster in the E.

The chromosome-level genome assembly of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii.

Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is the most cultured freshwater crayfish species. It attracts significant research attention due to its considerable economic importance. However, the limited availability of genome information has impeded further genetic studies and breeding programs.

Morphological, histological and phylogenetic identification of three species of Myxobolus (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting different carp lineages in China.

The global cultivation of common carp Cyprinus carpio is developed primarily for either food or recreational purposes and myxosporean infections causing significant economic losses are regularly troublesome for carp farmers. However, most myxosporean species are poorly characterized, making it difficult to correctly elaborate on their parasitism mode and determine pathogenicity. Here, based on an integrative approach, we supplemented fundamental information on three Myxobolus species infecting different carp lineages in China.

Sub-acute toxicity of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium exposure in adult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

Glufosinateammonium (GLA) is one of the most widely used agricultural herbicides. It is frequently detected in surface waters near farmland and may pose a risk to non-target aquatic species. This study aimed to explore the toxicity of subacute GLA exposure in crayfish.

Histopathological evaluation of the infection elicited by three species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea), with identification of Myxobolusxiaoganensis n. sp. isolated from the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.

Several parasites infecting the Asian carp species have been broadly spread along with the global fish trade. However, the diversity of specific parasite groups and their pattern of parasitism remain insufficiently elucidated even in their native regions. Here, we conducted a holistic identification and histological analysis of three Myxobolus species.

Integrated morphological and transcriptome profiles reveal a highly-developed extrusome system associated to virulence in the notorious fish parasite, .

is an obligate parasitic ciliate that causes severe economic damage in aquaculture. The parasite contains numerous extrusive organelles (extrusomes) that assist in its pathogenesis and reproduction. However, the structure of these extrusomes and the molecular profiles involved in exocytosis remain unclear.

Identification and pathogenicity of multidrug-resistant Elizabethkingia miricola isolated from farmed American bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana in China with in vitro screening of herbal antimicrobial agents.

Objective: In 2021, an outbreak of an infectious disease characterized by torticollis, cataracts, and neurological disorders caused massive mortality in farmed American bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana in Hubei province, China. We identified the causal agent in this outbreak, characterized its pathogenicity, and screened candidate antimicrobial agents for future disease control.

Methods: Bacterium was isolated from the diseased American bullfrogs and identified based on biochemical tests, sequence analyses (16S ribosomal RNA; DNA gyrase subunit B), and experimental challenge.

Identification of Myxobolus distalisensis n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) infecting yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson), with a supplement description of M. voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) Landsberg and Lom, 1991.

With growing scale of intensive fish cultivation, the risk of parasite infection in commercial fish is increased. Precisely identifying and characterizing the parasites that infect the farmed fish is critical to understanding the dynamics of their communities. Here, two species of Myxobolus were identified in farmed yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson) in China.

Mangiferin and Taurine Ameliorate MSRV Infection by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling.

The emergence or reemergence of viruses pose a substantial threat and challenge to the world population, livestock, and wildlife. However, the landscape of antiviral agents either for human or animal viral diseases is still underdeveloped. The far tougher actuality is the case that there are no approved antiviral drugs in the aquaculture industry, although there are diverse viral pathogens.

New considerations on the phylogeny of Sessilida (Protista: Ciliophora: Peritrichia) based on multiple-gene information, with emphasis on colonial taxa.

The subclass Peritrichia, containing two orders Sessilida and Mobilida, is a major group of ciliates with worldwide distribution and high species diversity. Several studies have investigated the phylogeny of peritrichs; however, the evolutionary relationships and classification of some families and genera within the Sessilida remain unclear. In the present study, we isolated and identified 22 peritrich populations representing four families and six genera and obtained 64 rDNA sequences to perform phylogenetic analyses and assess their systematic relationships.

Hepatopancreas Proteomic Analysis Reveals Key Proteins and Pathways in Regulatory of Ovary Maturation of .

A TMT-based (Tandem Mass Tag) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach was employed to explore differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and KEGG pathways in hepatopancreas of 5 ovary stages. In total, 17,999 peptides were detected, among which 3395 proteins were identified. Further analysis revealed 26, 24, 37, and 308 DEPs in HE-I versus HE-II, HE-II versus HE-Ⅲ, HE-Ⅲ versus HE-Ⅳ, and HE-Ⅳ versus HE-Ⅴ, respectively (HE-I, HE-II, HE-III, HE-IV, and HE-V means hepatopancreas sampled from ovary stage I to V.

Effect of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplement on Cd toxicokinetics and Cd-induced immune and antioxidant impairment of Procambarus clarkii.

Cadmium (Cd), a non-biodegradable contaminant in freshwater ecosystems, can pose a serious threat to aquatic animals at high levels. In this study, the Cd toxicokinetics and the immune and antioxidant defense were explored in Procambarus clarkii exposed to different levels of Cd (0, 0.1, 1.

Myxobolus shuifuensis sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the exotic mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala feral in China.

Myxobolus species represents a group of cosmopolitan metazoan parasites commonly harbored in the farmed and wild fish populations. Here, a species of Myxobolus is found in the kidney of an exotic mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala feral in the Yangtze River and utilized for an integrative characterization. Ellipsoidal myxospores are measured at 15.

Transcriptomic Insights into the Diversity and Evolution of Myxozoa (Cnidaria, Endocnidozoa) Toxin-like Proteins.

Myxozoa is a speciose group of endoparasitic cnidarians that can cause severe ecological and economic effects. Their cnidarian affinity is affirmed by genetic relatedness and the presence of nematocysts, historically called "polar capsules". Previous studies have revealed the presence of toxin-like proteins in myxozoans; however, the diversity and evolution of venom in Myxozoa are not fully understood.

The Microbiome Structure of a Rice-Crayfish Integrated Breeding Model and Its Association with Crayfish Growth and Water Quality.

The rice-crayfish (RC) integrated breeding model is an important and special agricultural ecosystem that provides a unique ecological environment for exploring the microbial diversity, composition, and functional capacity. To date, little is known about the effect of the breeding model on microbiome assembly and breeding model-specific microbiome composition and the association of the microbiome with water quality and crayfish growth. In the present study, we assessed the taxonomic shifts in gut and water microbiomes and their associations with water quality and crayfish growth in the RC and crayfish monoculture (CM) breeding models across six time points of rice growth, including seedling (a), tillering and jointing (b), blooming (c), filling (d), fruiting (e), and rotting of rice residues (f).

A myxozoan genome reveals mosaic evolution in a parasitic cnidarian.

Background: Parasite evolution has been conceptualized as a process of genetic loss and simplification. Contrary to this model, there is evidence of expansion and conservation of gene families related to essential functions of parasitism in some parasite genomes, reminiscent of widespread mosaic evolution-where subregions of a genome have different rates of evolutionary change. We found evidence of mosaic genome evolution in the cnidarian Myxobolus honghuensis, a myxozoan parasite of fish, with extremely simple morphology.

Quantitative Insights into the Contribution of Nematocysts to the Adaptive Success of Cnidarians Based on Proteomic Analysis.

Nematocysts are secretory organelles in cnidarians that play important roles in predation, defense, locomotion, and host invasion. However, the extent to which nematocysts contribute to adaptation and the mechanisms underlying nematocyst evolution are unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the nematocyst in cnidarian evolution based on eight nematocyst proteomes and 110 cnidarian transcriptomes/genomes.

Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Procambarus clarkii from six provinces of China.

Contamination with heavy metals in wild red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from 7 different geographical areas in six provinces of China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shandong) was evaluated. Concentrations of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in the abdominal muscle, gonad, and hepatopancreas were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). Except for the Cd content in the hepatopancreas, the contents of selected heavy metals in three different tissues were significantly lower than the proposed limits provided by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

Fins infestation induced by Myxobolus xiantaoensis in yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson, 1846: Some pathophysiological and molecular insights.

The myxozoan parasite Myxobolus xiantaoensis is a fin pathogen of commercially important yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson, 1846, in the freshwater ponds of China. In the present work, four geographical isolates of M. xiantaoensis were sampled from the fins of yellow catfish.

Transcriptome analysis of goldfish (Carassius auratus) in response to Gyrodactylus kobayashii infection.

Gyrodactylid monogeneans are widespread parasites of teleost fishes, and infection with these parasites results in high host morbidity and mortality in aquaculture. To comprehensively elucidate the immune mechanisms against Gyrodactylus kobayashii, the transcriptome profiles of goldfish (Carassius auratus) skin after challenge with G. kobayashii were first investigated using next-generation sequencing.

Molecular and light microscopy evidence for the transfer of Myxobolus honghuensis from Carassius auratus gibelio broodfish to progeny.

Myxozoans usually have a complex life cycle involving indirect transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The vertical transmission of these parasites in vertebrate hosts has not been documented so far. Here, we assessed whether the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus honghuensis is vertically transmitted in naturally infected allogynogenetic gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch).

CCPRD: A Novel Analytical Framework for the Comprehensive Proteomic Reference Database Construction of NonModel Organisms.

Protein reference databases are a critical part of producing efficient proteomic analyses. However, the method for constructing clean, efficient, and comprehensive protein reference databases of nonmodel organisms is lacking. Existing methods either do not have contamination control procedures, or these methods rely on a three-frame and/or six-frame translation that sharply increases the search space and the need for computational resources.

Molecular diversity of chromosomal metallo-β-lactamase genes in Elizabethkingia genus.

Elizabethkingia genus is an opportunistic life-threatening pathogen with an intrinsic multidrug-resistant phenotype. It is the only known microorganism with multi-chromosome-borne metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes. To determine the diversity and distribution of MBLs Bla and Bla in this genus, comprehensive bioinformatic screening was applied in 109 available Elizabethkingia genomes.

A real-time PCR assay for detection of emerging infectious Elizabethkingia miricola.

Elizabethkingia miricola, a Gram-negative bacillus, is emerging as a life-threatening pathogen in both humans and animals. However, no specific and rapid diagnostic method exists to detect E. miricola.

A fast and effective method for dissecting parasitic spores: myxozoans as an example.

Disassembling parasitic spores and acquiring the main subunits for analysis is a prerequisite for a deep understanding of the basic biology of parasites. Herein, we present a fast and efficient method to dissect myxospores in a few steps, which mainly involves sonication, and sucrose and Percoll density gradient ultracentrifugation. We tested our method on three myxozoan species and demonstrate that this method allows the dismembering of myxospores, and the isolation of intact and clean nematocysts and shell valves within 2 h at low cost.