Enhancing Academic Success: A mixed Study on the Influencing Factors among Pharmacy Students in Syrian Universities.

Background: Academic achievement is the result of both effort and perseverance exerted by the students. This mixed-methods study aims to investigate the factors affecting the academic achievement of pharmacy students in Syrian universities.

Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods study was utilized.

Photoperiod regulates the daily profiles of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene expression the raphe nuclei of rats.

ِaim: Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA (TPH, the rate limiting enzyme in 5-HT synthesis) expression levels display circadian variations in the median and dorsal raphe nuclei. This circadian pattern is under the control of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master clock. Photoperiodic cue is encoded by the SCN which convey the seasonal message to target sites.

Daily rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 messenger ribonucleic acid within raphe neurons is induced by corticoid daily surge and modulated by enhanced locomotor activity.

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin synthesis) protein and mRNA levels display a circadian expression in the rat dorsal and median raphe. These patterns suggest a rhythmic synthesis of serotonin under the control of the master clock of suprachiasmatic nuclei. In the present study, we examined the involvement of endocrine and behavioral output signals of the master clock upon the Tph2 mRNA levels by quantitative in situ hybridization.

Tissue-specific expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNAs in the rat midbrain: anatomical evidence and daily profiles.

Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in both photic and non-photic synchronization of the mammalian biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). We have previously demonstrated that tryptophan hydroxylase protein (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis, shows circadian rhythmicity in the pathways projecting from the raphe nuclei to the intergeniculate leaflets of the thalamus on one hand, and to the SCN on the other hand. In this study, we investigate whether the circadian rhythmicity in TPH protein could result from the rhythmic expression of tph gene in the raphe nuclei.