Randomized control trial of prednisolone and doxycycline in patients with acute interstitial nephritis of unknown aetiology.

Background: Patients presenting with acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) of unknown aetiology, probably the earliest presentation of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu), have been treated with oral prednisolone and doxycycline by physicians in Sri Lanka. This trial assessed the effectiveness of prednisolone and doxycycline based on eGFR changes at 6 months in patients with AIN of unknown aetiology.

Method: A randomized clinical trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design for patients presenting with AIN of unknown aetiology (n = 59) was enacted to compare treatments with; A-prednisolone, B-doxycycline, C-both treatments together, and D-neither.

An Analysis of Rate of Progression and Associated Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka.

Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKD-u) is an important public health issue in Sri Lanka and around the world, but published evidence of the progression of this disease is scanty. Our aim is to analyze the progression patterns and the associated risk factors of definite and probable CKD-u cases. This observational study was based on records of CKD-u cohort from 2005-14 at Girandurukotte, an endemic area for CKD-u in Uva Province, Sri Lanka.

Could Consumption of Trace Element-Contaminated Rice Be a Risk Factor for Acute Interstitial Nephritis with Uncertain Etiology in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka?

Ingestion of toxic trace elements in the human body has been considered one of the major reasons for renal dysfunction. Chronic kidney disease with uncertain etiological factors (CKDu) is a recently described clinical entity in which the disease is found in geographically isolated pockets in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. In CKDu regions, an increasing number of cases are reported with acute interstitial nephritis without any known reason (AINu).

Prevalence, risk factors and predicted risk of cardiac events in chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology in Sri Lanka: A tubular interstitial nephropathy.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with 'traditional' chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu), a tubular interstitial nephropathy is typically minimally proteinuric without high rates of associated hypertension or vascular disease and it is unknown if the rates of CVD are similar. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and the risk of CVD in patients with CKDu.

Correction: Evaluation of biochemical profile of Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Evaluation of biochemical profile of Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka.

Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is an endemic, disease that mostly affects young agricultural workers in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka. This study was designed to identify specific biochemical manifestations of CKDu cases. All (119) non-dialysis definite CKDu patients in Girandurukotte and Wilgamuwa were selected.

Pilot Study of Renal Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of CKD of Uncertain Etiology.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu), an emerging chronic kidney disease (CKD) subtype, contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in certain tropical countries. Although several indicators of CKDu have been previously suggested, sensitive and specific tests to detect early disease or predict disease progression are currently unavailable. This study focused on evaluating 8 renal urinary markers, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM1), cystatin C (CST3), beta 2 microglobulin (B2M), osteopontin (OPN), alpha 1 microglobulin (A1M), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), with the hypothesis that these have distinct expression patterns in patients with CKDu.

Prospective Biopsy-Based Study of CKD of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka.

Background And Objectives: A kidney disease of unknown cause is common in Sri Lanka's lowland (dry) region. Detailed clinical characterizations of patients with biopsy-proven disease are limited, and there is no current consensus on criteria for a noninvasive diagnosis.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: We designed a prospective study in a major Sri Lankan hospital servicing endemic areas to ascertain pathologic and clinical characteristics of and assess risk factors for primary tubulointerstitial kidney disease.

Snap shot view on anaemia in chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology.

Aim: Anaemia is a well-known complication of chronic kidney disease but there are no published studies on the pattern of anaemia in chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu). This study aims to find out the prevalence, causes and associations of anaemia in CKDu to identify any unique features which are different from already described anaemia in chronic kidney disease.

Method: All (119) biopsy-confirmed CKDu patients in two endemic clinics (Girandurukotte and Wilgamuwa) were selected as cases.

Screening for chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology in Sri Lanka: usability of surrogate biomarkers over dipstick proteinuria.

Background: The use of dipstick proteinuria to screen Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka is a recently debated matter of dispute. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of biomarkers: serum creatinine, cystatin C and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) for screening CKDu in Sri Lanka.

Methods: Forty-four male CKDu patients and 49 healthy males from a CKDu-endemic region were selected.

Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka is a possible sequel of interstitial nephritis!

Introduction: The majority of published data on chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is on asymptomatic patients who were detected in screening programs. The clinicopathological profile of a group of patients presenting with acute symptoms and renal dysfunction from CKDu endemic regions in Sri Lanka was studied.

Methods: 59 patients > 10 years of age with backache, feverish fatigue feeling, dysuria, joint pain, or dyspepsia, singly or in combination with elevated serum creatinine (> 116 and > 98 µmol/L for male and females, respectively) were included in the study.