Pediatric versus adult magnetic resonance imaging patterns in acute high ankle sprains.

Background: There is a paucity of literature describing MRI patterns of high ankle sprains in pediatric patients. Radiologists should understand MRI patterns of these injuries in both adults and children.

Objective: To describe normal MRI appearance of pediatric syndesmotic ligaments and compare MRI patterns of high ankle sprains in children versus adults.

Pitfalls in MRI of the Developing Pediatric Ankle.

Normal skeletal development in the pediatric ankle is dynamic and often produces variable imaging appearances that are subject to misinterpretation. Radiologists must understand the underlying developmental phenomena, such as endochondral and membranous ossification and physeal fusion, and be familiar with their common and uncommon imaging manifestations unique to the pediatric ankle. This is especially true as the use of MRI in the evaluation of musculoskeletal trauma expands among younger populations.

Fibular Tip Periostitis: New Radiographic Sign Predictive of Chronic Peroneal Tendon Subluxation-Dislocation in Pes Planovalgus.

Tearing of the superior peroneal retinaculum is a known cause of peroneal tendon subluxation-dislocation. However, with the exception of cortical avulsions at the fibular attachment, superior peroneal retinaculum injury and subsequent peroneal tendon subluxation-dislocation are typically radiographically occult. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the previously undescribed association between radiographic fibular tip periostitis and MRI evidence of peroneal tendon subluxation-dislocation in patients with hindfoot valgus.

Radiographic features and complications following coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.

Objective: To report radiographic features and complications of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction and the association of radiographic features with symptomatology.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective picture archiving and communication system query (1/2012-8/2018) identified subjects with prior coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction. Post-operative radiographs were reviewed with attention to the following: (1) acromioclavicular alignment, (2) coracoclavicular width, (3) distal clavicular osteolysis, (4) osseous tunnel widening, and (5) hardware complication or fracture.

Normal development imaging pitfalls and injuries in the pediatric shoulder.

The skeletal maturation of the shoulder has been well documented on radiographic and cadaveric studies. Recent increased use of MRI has provided increased understanding of the soft-tissue and osseous changes that occur during development. Thus recognizing normal maturation, imaging manifestations and pitfalls is crucial when evaluating the pediatric shoulder joint.

Anteroposterior Radiograph of the Ankle with Cross-Sectional Imaging Correlation.

The focus of this article is to illustrate various pathologic entities and variants, heralding disease about the ankle, based on scrutiny of AP radiographs of the ankle, with correlative findings on cross-sectional imaging. Many of these entities can only be detected on the AP ankle radiograph and, if not recognized, may lead to delayed diagnosis and persistent morbidity to the patient. However, a vigilant radiologist, equipped with the knowledge of the characteristic appearance and typical locations of the imaging findings, should be able to make the crucial initial diagnosis and surmise additional findings to be confirmed on cross-sectional imaging.

Stener-Like Lesions of the Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee: MRI Features.

To listen to the podcast associated with this article, please select one of the following: iTunes or Google Play. The purpose of this article is to describe Stener-like lesions of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) of the knee, which, to our knowledge, have not yet been reported in the radiologic literature. This lesion, defined as a distal tear with interposition of osseous or soft-tissue structures between the ligament and its tibial attachment, often requires surgical intervention.

Normal Anatomy and Traumatic Injury of the Midtarsal (Chopart) Joint Complex: An Imaging Primer.

The midtarsal (Chopart) joint complex consists of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints and their stabilizing ligaments. Detailed assessment of this complex at MRI can be challenging owing to frequent anatomic variation and the small size of the structures involved. Nevertheless, a wide spectrum of pathologic conditions affect the joint complex, and its imaging evaluation deserves more thorough consideration.

Imaging of Chopart (Midtarsal) Joint Complex: Normal Anatomy and Posttraumatic Findings.

Objective: The objective of this article is to review the normal anatomy and posttraumatic findings of the Chopart joint complex. Key imaging features of the normal ligaments and patterns of ligamentous and osseous injuries are discussed.

Conclusion: Traumatic midtarsal injuries, particularly midtarsal sprain, are often overlooked clinically and on imaging but are relatively common and typically are associated with inversion ankle injuries.

Acute Fracture of the Anterior Process of Calcaneus: Does It Herald a More Advanced Injury to Chopart Joint?

Objective: Injuries at the calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joint have been described as two distinct, unrelated entities in the radiology literature. Our purpose was to assess the coexistence of these injuries using radiography and MRI and to correlate our findings with radiologic and clinical diagnoses.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-one patients with injury at the anterior calcaneal process on radiographs or MR images were retrospectively assessed for concomitant injury at the talonavicular joint.

JOURNAL CLUB: MRI Evaluation of Midtarsal (Chopart) Sprain in the Setting of Acute Ankle Injury.

Objective: This study determined the frequency and MRI appearance of osseous and ligamentous injuries in midtarsal (Chopart) sprains and their association with ankle sprains after acute ankle injuries. Prospective diagnosis of and interobserver agreement regarding midtarsal injury among musculoskeletal radiologists were also assessed.

Subjects And Methods: Two cohorts with ankle MRI were identified via a digital PACS search: patients who had undergone MRI within 8 weeks after ankle injury and control subjects who had not sustained ankle trauma.

Imaging features of glenoid bare spot in a pediatric population.

Objective: The bare spot (BaS) is a central, well-circumscribed focal defect in the glenoid articular surface, with reported adult incidence of 1-2%. We aimed to reassess MRI features of BaS in the pediatric population and determine its etiology.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective search of our database from June 2014 to October 2015 was performed for shoulder MRI in patients between 5 and 25 years and then subdivided into four groups: group 1, 5-10 years; group 2, 10-15 years; group 3, 15-18 years; group 4, 20-25 years.

Growth plate injury at the base of the coracoid: MRI features.

Purpose: To assess the MRI features of growth plate injury at the base of the coracoid process.

Materials And Methods: Subjects were identified through retrospective search of our department imaging database and teaching files and the teaching files of two outside academic institutions. The coracoid base growth plate was examined with attention to widening, irregularity, abnormal signal intensity of the growth plate, and the presence of adjacent soft tissue edema.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Chronic Hip Pain.

Chronic hip pain is a common clinical problem whose cause is often elucidated by imaging. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria for chronic hip pain define best practices of image ordering. Clinical scenarios are followed by the imaging choices and their appropriateness.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Chronic Extremity Joint Pain-Suspected Inflammatory Arthritis.

Evaluation for suspected inflammatory arthritis as a cause for chronic extremity joint pain often relies on imaging. This review first discusses the characteristic osseous and soft tissue abnormalities seen with inflammatory arthritis and how they may be imaged. It is essential that imaging results are interpreted in the context of clinical and serologic results to add specificity as there is significant overlap of imaging findings among the various types of arthritis.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Stress (Fatigue/Insufficiency) Fracture, Including Sacrum, Excluding Other Vertebrae.

Stress fractures, including both fatigue and insufficiency types, are frequently encountered in clinical practice as a source of pain in both athletes and patients with predisposing conditions. Radiography is the imaging modality of choice for baseline diagnosis. MRI has greatly improved our ability to diagnose radiographically occult stress fractures.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density.

Osteoporosis is a considerable public health risk, with 50% of women and 20% of men >50 years of age experiencing fracture, with mortality rates of 20% within the first year. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the primary diagnostic modality by which to screen women >65 years of age and men >70 years of age for osteoporosis. In postmenopausal women <65 years of age with additional risk factors for fracture, DXA is recommended.

MR Imaging of the Midfoot Including Chopart and Lisfranc Joint Complexes.

Following a brief description of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the midfoot, this article focuses on MR imaging features of common osseous, tendon, and ligament abnormalities that affect the midfoot. Discussion of the anatomy and pathology affecting the Chopart and Lisfranc joint complexes, both of which play important roles in linking the midfoot to the hindfoot and the forefoot respectively, is also included.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Imaging After Shoulder Arthroplasty.

There has been a rapid increase in the number of shoulder arthroplasties, including partial or complete humeral head resurfacing, hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, performed in the United States over the past two decades. Imaging can play an important role in diagnosing the complications that can occur in the setting of these shoulder arthroplasties. This review is divided into two parts.

Tarsal tunnel disease and talocalcaneal coalition: MRI features.

Objective: To assess, utilizing MRI, tarsal tunnel disease in patients with talocalcaneal coalitions. To the best of our knowledge, this has only anecdotally been described before.

Materials And Methods: Sixty-seven ankle MRIs with talocalcaneal coalition were retrospectively reviewed for disease of tendons and nerves of the tarsal tunnel.

Imaging features of iBalance, a new high tibial osteotomy: what the radiologist needs to know.

Objective: To describe the post-surgical imaging appearance and complications of high tibial osteotomy in patients with the iBalance implant system (iHTO; Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA).

Materials And Methods: Retrospective, institutional review board-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant review of imaging after 24 iBalance procedures was performed with attention to: correction of varus malalignment, healing at the osteotomy site, resorption of the osteoinductive compound, and complications.

Results: Immediate correction of the varus deformity was present in all cases.

The frondiform ligament and pseudotenosynovitis of the extensor digitorum longus tendon: MRI evaluation with cadaveric correlation.

Objective: Fluid along the frondiform ligament, the sinus tarsi stem of the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER), can approximate the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), at times simulating tenosynovitis. Our purpose, based on MRI and cadaveric studies, was to further evaluate this scantly described phenomenon, to identify associated findings and to alert the radiologists to the potential pitfall of over diagnosing EDL tenosynovitis.

Materials And Methods: Two musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed the radiology reports and MRI studies of 258 ankle MRI exams, performed at our institution, for fluid along the frondiform ligament extending toward the EDL.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Osteonecrosis of the Hip.

Osteonecrosis of the hip (Legg-Calvé-Perthes) is a common disease, with 10,000-20,000 symptomatic cases annually in the United States. The disorder affects both adults and children and is most frequently associated with trauma and corticosteroid usage. The initial imaging evaluation of suspected hip osteonecrosis is done using radiography.

Normal skeletal development and imaging pitfalls of the calcaneal apophysis: MRI features.

Objective: Heel pain in children and secondary MR imaging (MRI) of the hindfoot have been increasing in incidence. Our purpose is to illustrate the, previously unreported, MRI stages in development of the posterior calcaneal apophysis, with attention to imaging pitfalls. This should aid in distinguishing normal growth from true disease.

Subluxation of the peroneus long tendon in the cuboid tunnel: is it normal or pathologic? An ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging study.

Objective: To evaluate the position of the peroneus longus (PL) tendon relative to the cuboid tuberosity and cuboid tunnel during ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion using ultrasound and MRI.

Materials And Methods: The study population included two groups: 20 feet of 10 asymptomatic volunteers who underwent prospective dynamic ultrasound and 55 ankles found through retrospective review of routine ankle MRI examinations. The location of the PL tendon at the cuboid tuberosity and cuboid tunnel was designated as completely within the tunnel, indeterminate, or subluxed with respect to ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.