Diagnostic and therapeutic cystoscopy in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: systematic review of literature and consensus on methodology.

Introduction And Hypothesis: Cystoscopy has been routinely performed in patients suspected to be suffering from bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) across the globe. The methodology reported by various guidelines appears to have differences in the techniques and hence there is a need for a review of all those techniques in order to arrive at a consensus. The aim was to review the literature describing the prevalent techniques of cystoscopy for patients of BPS/IC and try to evolve a consensus.

Heterotopic pregnancy: should we instrument the uterus at laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy.

The coexistence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy (heterotopic pregnancy) occurs in 1/30,000 of spontaneous pregnancies. However, it is getting more common at 1/900 in clomiphene citrate-induced pregnancies and rises to 1% in assisted reproduction. It is a potentially life-threatening condition with diagnostic and therapeutic complexities.

Uterine clostridial myonecrosis after thermal balloon endometrial ablation.

Background: We present a case of a patient who had development of uterine clostridial myonecrosis after elective thermal balloon endometrial ablation in the absence of identifiable risk factors.

Case: A 51-year-old woman underwent uneventful thermal balloon endometrial ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia. The next day, she presented with acute inflammatory syndrome, severe intravascular hemolysis, and acute kidney injury.