OsMKK1 is a novel element that positively regulates the Xa21-mediated resistance response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice.

OsMKK1, a MAPK gene, positively regulates rice Xa21-mediated resistance response and also plays roles in normal growth and development process of rice. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade was highly conserved among eukaryotes, which played crucial roles in plant responses to pathogen infection. Bacterial blight is the most devastating bacterial disease.

Physical therapy and orthopaedic equipment-induced reduction in the biomechanical risk factors related to knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Objective: Are physical therapy or orthopaedic equipment efficacious in reducing the biomechanical risk factors in people with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA)? Is there a better therapeutic intervention than others to improve these outcomes?

Design: Systematic review with network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomised trials.

Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and MEDLINE were searched through January 2021.

Eligibility Criteria For Selecting Studies: We included randomised controlled trials exploring the benefits of using physical therapy or orthopaedic equipment in reducing the biomechanical risk factors which included knee adduction moment (KAM) and knee adduction angular impulse (KAAI) in individuals with tibiofemoral OA.