[Effects of row spacing and sowing rate on vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation, biomass, and grain yield in winter wheat canopy.].

To clarify the effects of row spacing and sowing rate on the vertical distribution of canopy PAR, biomass, and grain yield in winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted without increa-sing water and fertilizer input. There were two row spacing modes, R (equal spacing, 20 cm+20 cm) and R(wide and narrow row spacing, 12 cm+12 cm+12 cm+24 cm), and three sowing rates, D (low, 120 kg·hm), D (medium, 157.5 kg·hm), D (high, 195 kg·hm).

Estradiol-induced inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress normalizes splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes following hemorrhagic shock.

The aim is to investigate that 17β-estradiol (E2)/estrogen receptors (ERs) activation normalizes splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) following hemorrhage. The results showed that hemorrhagic shock (hemorrhage through femoral artery, 38-42 mmHg for 90 min followed by resuscitation of 30 min and subsequent observation period of 180 min) decreased the CD4 T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production after isolation and incubation with Concanavalin A (5 μg/mL) for 48 h, induced the splenic injury with evidences of missed contours of the white pulp, irregular cellular structure, and typical inflammatory cell infiltration, upregulated the expressions of ERS biomarkers 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Either E2, ER-α agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) or ERS inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyric acid administration normalized these parameters, while ER-β agonist diarylpropionitrile administration had no effect.

Elucidating the function of an ancient NF-kappaB p100 homologue, CrRelish, in antibacterial defense.

The family of NF-kappaB transcription factors essentially regulates immune-related gene expression. Recently, we isolated and characterized the classical NF-kappaB/inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) homologues from a "living fossil," the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Interestingly, this ancient species also harbors another class I NF-kappaB p100 homologue, C.