Developing Digital Therapeutics for Chronic Pain in Primary Care: A Qualitative Human-Centered Design Study of Providers' Motivations and Challenges.

Background: Digital therapeutics are growing as a solution to manage pain for patients; yet, they are underused in primary care where over half of the patients with chronic pain seek care. Little is known about how to successfully engage primary care providers in recommending digital therapeutics to their patients. Exploring provider motivations in chronic pain management would potentially help to improve their engagement and inform the development of digital therapeutics.

Implementing Brief Tobacco Cessation Interventions in Community Pharmacies: An Application of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory.

Pharmacists, as highly accessible members of the healthcare team, have considerable potential to address tobacco use among patients. However, while published data suggest that pharmacists are effective in helping patients quit, barriers exist to routine implementation of cessation services in community pharmacy settings. Within the context of a randomized trial (n = 64 pharmacies), surveys were administered over a period of 6 months to assess pharmacists' perceptions of factors associated with the implementation of "Ask-Advise-Refer", a brief intervention approach that facilitates patient referrals to the tobacco quitline.

Analysis of Demographic Characteristics of Users of a Free Tobacco Cessation Smartphone App: Observational Study.

Background: Tobacco use continues to be the leading preventable cause of death, disease, and disability in the United States. Since 2000, Washington state has offered free tobacco "quitline" services to help its residents stop using tobacco. In 2015, the state began offering free access to a tobacco cessation smartphone app to absorb excess quitline demand.

Correction: The Association Between Medication Adherence for Chronic Conditions and Digital Health Activity Tracking: Retrospective Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/11486.].

Large-scale influenza vaccination promotion on a mobile app platform: A randomized controlled trial.

While health-care providers have used incentives in an attempt to motivate patients to obtain vaccinations, their effect on vaccination rates has not been systematically evaluated on a large scale. In this study, we examined whether mobile applications may improve population vaccination rates through enhanced communication and incentives education. Our study is the first randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of large-scale messaging combined with individualized incentives on influenza-vaccination rates.

The Association Between Medication Adherence for Chronic Conditions and Digital Health Activity Tracking: Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Chronic diseases have a widespread impact on health outcomes and costs in the United States. Heart disease and diabetes are among the biggest cost burdens on the health care system. Adherence to medication is associated with better health outcomes and lower total health care costs for individuals with these conditions, but the relationship between medication adherence and health activity behavior has not been explored extensively.

Quitline treatment dose predicts cessation outcomes among safety net patients linked with treatment via Ask-Advise-Connect.

The efficacy of tobacco treatment delivered by state quitlines in diverse populations is well-supported, yet little is known about associations between treatment dose and cessation outcomes following the implementation of Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC), an electronic health record-based systematic referral process that generates a high volume of proactive calls from the state quitline to smokers. The current study is a secondary analysis of a 34-month implementation trial evaluating ACC in 13 safety-net clinics in Houston, TX. Treatment was delivered by a quitline and comprised up to five proactive, telephone-delivered multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment sessions.

Examining Changes in Healthy Days After Health Coaching.

Purpose: To describe changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) related to variation in demographic characteristics, program goals, and program participation, among health coaching program participants.

Design: A retrospective observational study of a health coaching program.

Setting And Participants: A total of 2169 adults enrolled in an individually purchased or employer-sponsored health plan from a large health and well-being company, who participated in a health coaching program between January 2016 and April 2017.

Implementation of Ask-Advise-Connect in a safety net healthcare system: quitline treatment engagement and smoking cessation outcomes.

Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) was designed to link smokers in primary care settings with evidence-based tobacco treatment delivered via state quitlines. AAC involves training medical staff to Ask about smoking status, Advise smokers to quit, and offer to immediately Connect smokers with quitlines through an automated link within the electronic health record. We evaluated the efficacy of AAC in facilitating treatment engagement and smoking abstinence in a 34 month implementation trial conducted in a large, safety-net health care system.

Outcomes of a randomized trial evaluating two approaches for promoting pharmacy-based referrals to the tobacco quitline.

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term impact of 2 promising intervention approaches to engage pharmacy personnel (pharmacists, technicians) in referring patients who want to quit smoking to the tobacco quitline.

Design: Randomized trial.

Setting: Community pharmacies in Connecticut (n = 32) and Washington (n = 32).

Intrapersonal Variation in Goal Setting and Achievement in Health Coaching: Cross-Sectional Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Chronic conditions in the United States are among the most costly and preventable of all health problems. Research suggests health coaching is an effective strategy for reducing health risks including decreases in weight, blood pressure, lipids, and blood glucose. Much less is known about how and when coaching works.

Association Between Utilization of Quitline Services and Probability of Tobacco Abstinence in Low-Income Smokers.

Introduction: Quitlines (QL) are an effective means for smoking cessation, but a paucity of data exist examining the dose-response relationship between use of QL services and quit rates, especially among low-income smokers. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between tobacco abstinence and use of QL services among low-income smokers.

Methods: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial of every- or some-day smokers aged 18 years or older visiting an urban emergency department.

A randomised controlled trial to prevent smoking relapse among recently quit smokers enrolled in employer and health plan sponsored quitlines.

Objective: To test adding an interactive voice response (IVR)-supported protocol to standard quitline treatment to prevent relapse among recently quit smokers.

Design: Parallel randomised controlled trial with three arms: standard quitline, standard plus technology enhanced quitline with 10 risk assessments (TEQ-10), standard plus 20 TEQ assessments (TEQ-20).

Setting: Quit For Life (QFL) programme.

Utilization of a Web-based vs integrated phone/Web cessation program among 140,000 tobacco users: an evaluation across 10 free state quitlines.

Background: Phone-based tobacco cessation program effectiveness has been established and randomized controlled trials have provided some support for Web-based services. Relatively little is known about who selects different treatment modalities and how they engage with treatments in a real-world setting.

Objective: This paper describes the characteristics, Web utilization patterns, and return rates of tobacco users who self-selected into a Web-based (Web-Only) versus integrated phone/Web (Phone/Web) cessation program.

Randomized trial of telephone-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: a pilot study.

Objective: We conducted a pilot randomized trial of telephone-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) versus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation.

Method: Participants were 121 uninsured South Carolina State Quitline callers who were adult smokers (at least 10 cigarettes/day) and who wanted to quit within the next 30 days. Participants were randomized to 5 sessions of either ACT or CBT telephone counseling and were offered 2 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).

Outcomes and utilization of a low intensity workplace weight loss program.

Obesity is related to high health care costs and lost productivity in the workplace. Employers are increasingly sponsoring weight loss and wellness programs to ameliorate these costs. We evaluated weight loss outcomes, treatment utilization, and health behavior change in a low intensity phone- and web-based, employer-sponsored weight loss program.

The Ask-Advise-Connect approach for smokers in a safety net healthcare system: a group-randomized trial.

Background: Because smoking has a profound impact on socioeconomic disparities in illness and death, it is crucial that vulnerable populations of smokers be targeted with treatment. The U.S.

Impact of baseline weight on smoking cessation and weight gain in quitlines.

Background: The use and effectiveness of tobacco quitlines by weight is still unknown.

Purpose: This study aims to determine if baseline weight is associated with treatment engagement, cessation, or weight gain following quitline treatment.

Methods: Quitline participants (n = 595) were surveyed at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Use and effectiveness of quitlines for smokers with diabetes: cessation and weight outcomes, Washington State Tobacco Quit Line, 2008.

Introduction: Having diabetes and smoking increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. However, cessation-related weight gain, a common side effect during quitting, can further complicate diabetes. Evidence-based telephone quitlines can support quitting but have not been studied adequately in populations with chronic diseases such as diabetes.

Use of electronic cigarettes among state tobacco cessation quitline callers.

Introduction: Little is known about the prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among tobacco users who seek help from state tobacco quitlines, the reasons for its use, and whether e-cigarettes impact a user's ability to successfully quit tobacco. This study investigates these questions and describes differences among state quitline callers who used e-cigarettes for 1 month or more, used e-cigarettes for less than 1 month, or never tried e-cigarettes.

Methods: Data on e-cigarette use were collected from 2,758 callers to 6 state tobacco quitlines 7 months after they received intervention from the quitline program.

Ask-Advise-Connect: a new approach to smoking treatment delivery in health care settings.

Importance: Several national health care-based smoking cessation initiatives have been recommended to facilitate the delivery of evidence-based treatments, such as quitline (telephone-based tobacco cessation services) assistance. The most notable examples are the 5 As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) and Ask. Advise.

State quitlines and cessation patterns among adults with selected chronic diseases in 15 states, 2005-2008.

Introduction: The death rate of people who have a chronic disease is lower among former smokers than current smokers. State tobacco cessation quitlines are available for free in every state. The objective of our study was to compare demographic characteristics, use of quitline services, and quit rates among a sample of quitline callers.

Addressing weight gain in smoking cessation treatment: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) addressing cessation-related weight concerns delivered via a tobacco quitline that does not address weight concerns.

Design: Randomized controlled trial, blinded 6-month follow-up.

Setting: The Oklahoma Tobacco Helpline (OKHL).

Enhancing tobacco quitline effectiveness: identifying a superior pharmacotherapy adjuvant.

Introduction: Telephone tobacco quitlines are effective and are widely used, with more than 500,000 U.S. callers in 2010.