Managing tourism pressure: Exploring tourist traffic patterns and seasonality in mountain national parks to alleviate overtourism effects.

Overtourism results in pressure exerted on the natural environment, negative impacts on local communities and lower tourist satisfaction in many protected areas (PAs). This phenomenon has become an increasingly important issue in the management of national parks (NPs) in Poland, especially the mountain ones. Countering and alleviating the effects of overtourism requires developing appropriate management strategies based on the detailed analysis of tourism monitoring data.

Sequence variation analysis of the E1 and E2 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical lesions in women from the south of Poland.

The E1 and E2 genes of the human papillomavirus encode the so-called early proteins, their sequences are conserved, and regulatory functions are associated with the viral oncoproteins. The purpose of this study is to determine the HPV16 E1 and E2 mutations appearing in the female population of southern Poland, depending on the severity of cervical pathological changes. We also take into account the number of E1 and E2 mutations detected in the E6 gene variant (350G or 350T).

Comparison and evaluation of three different molecular methods for detection of human Betapapillomaviruses in skin biopsies from patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer and precancerous lesions.

Betapapillomaviruses have been linked to the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers. A great diversity of these viruses in skin specimens requires the use of sensitive and reliable detection methods. There are currently no standardized assays for diagnostic purposes.

HPV Infection Significantly Accelerates Glycogen Metabolism in Cervical Cells with Large Nuclei: Raman Microscopic Study with Subcellular Resolution.

Using Raman microscopy, we investigated epithelial cervical cells collected from 96 women with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or belonging to groups I, IIa, IIID-1 and IIID-2 according to Munich III classification (IIID-1 and IIID-2 corresponding to Bethesda LSIL and HSIL groups, respectively). All women were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection using PCR. Subcellular resolution of Raman microscopy enabled to understand phenotypic differences in a heterogeneous population of cervical cells in the following groups: I/HPV, IIa/HPV, IIa/HPV, LSIL/HPV, LSIL/HPV, HSIL/HPV, HSIL/HPV and cancer cells (SCC/HPV).

Highly Effective and Safe Polymeric Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus in Vitro and in Vivo.

A series of poly(ethylene glycol)--poly(3-(methacryloylamino)propyl trimethylammonium chloride) (PEG--PMAPTAC) water-soluble block copolymers consisting of PEG and PMPTAC were obtained by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and demonstrated to function as highly effective herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) inhibitors as shown by in vitro tests (Vero E6 cells) and in vivo experiments (mouse model). Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) values were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to be 0.36 ± 0.

HPV16 E6 polymorphism and physical state of viral genome in relation to the risk of cervical cancer in women from the south of Poland.

The aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between HPV16 E6 variants and the physical status of viral genome (integrated, mixed, episomal) among patients with cervical cancer (n=40) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions - LSIL (n=40). The study was performed on 80 HPV16 positive samples. HPV16 E6 variants were identified using PCR and DNA sequencing.

Multiplex real-time PCR to identify a possible reinfection with different strains of human cytomegalovirus in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains the leading cause of serious contagious complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These infections in HCMV-seropositive recipients can be due to reactivation or reinfection. Different HCMV strains were identified by determining the genotypes isolated from repeatedly tested patients.

Physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical intraepithelial lesions and cancers determined by two different quantitative real-time PCR methods.

The aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between a new multiplex qPCR assay and a reference qPCR assay for assessment of the human papillomavirus (HPV16) load and the viral genome status. The study was performed on 100 HPV16 positive samples containing premalignant lesions and carcinomas. HPV16 E2 and E6 gene loads were assessed by two PCR methods.

Human cytomegalovirus UL55, UL144, and US28 genotype distribution in infants infected congenitally or postnatally.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection. This pathogen exhibits extensive genetic variability in the genes that encode structural envelope glycoproteins, regulatory proteins, and proteins that contribute to immune evasion. However, the role of specific viral strains in the outcome of congenital CMV infection is unclear.

General introduction into the Ebola virus biology and disease.

Epidemic of Ebola hemorrhagic fever which appeared in the countries of West Africa in 2014, is the largest outbreak which occurred so far. The virus causing this epidemic, Zaire Ebolavirus (ZEBOV), along with four other species of Ebolaviruses is classified to the genus Ebolavirus in the family Filoviridae. ZEBOV is one of the most virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers, and case fatality rates up to 90% have been reported.

[Ebola virus disease].

Ebola is one of the most virulent zoonotic RNA viruses causing in humans haemorrhagic fever with fatality ratio reaching 90%. During the outbreak of 2014 the number of deaths exceeded 8.000.

Mixed infections with distinct cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes in Polish pregnant women, fetuses, and newborns.

The purpose of this investigation was to describe a distribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) single and multiple genotypes among infected pregnant women, their fetuses, and newborns coming from Central Poland, as well as congenital cytomegaly outcome. The study involved 278 CMV-seropositive pregnant women, of whom 192 were tested for viral DNAemia. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genotyping was performed for 18 of 34 pregnant women carrying the viral DNA and for 12 of their 15 offspring with confirmed HCMV infections.

Differences in the expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 oncogene mRNA in SiHa cell line inoculated with CMV, HSV or ureaplasmas.

One of the factors associated with an increased risk of HPV-related malignant transformation may be bacterial and/or viral infections. The aim of our study was to examine whether the presence of infectious agents commonly detected in the genitourinary tract such as herpesviruses (HSV, CMV), and ureaplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum) may lead to alterations in the expression of the HPV-16 E6 oncogene. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to assess the level of HPV-16 E6 mRNA expression in SiHa cells.

Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H genotype distribution and the relationship with hearing loss in children.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital infection and a leading infectious cause of hearing loss in children. The ORF UL75 gene encodes envelope glycoprotein H (gH), which is essential for CMV entry into host cells and the target of the immune response in humans. However, the distribution of gH variants and the relationship between the viral genotype, viral load, and sequelae in children infected with CMV is debated.

Distribution of cytomegalovirus gN variants and associated clinical sequelae in infants.

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most widespread cause of congenital infection. The effects of various viral strains and viral loads on the infection outcome have been under debate.

Objectives: To determine the distribution of gN variants in HCMV strains isolated from children with congenital or postnatal infection and to establish the relationship between the viral genotype, the viral load, and the sequelae.

[Congenital cytomegaly in one twin - a case report].

A report on dichorionic/diamniotic pregnancy in which only one, female, fetus was infected with cytomegalovirus and presented with severe congenital diseases at birth. Infection of the fetus occurred after recurrent maternal infection. The second, male, fetus did not have CMV infection.

[UL55 genotype diversity of cytomegalovirus strains isolated from newborns and infants hospitalized in southern Poland].

Studies on cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections more often draw attention to the differences in tropism, pathogenicity and virulence of the virus depending on its genotype. The aim of this study was to assess the individual gB genotypes which are encoded in UL55 region of HCMV genome in a population of newborns and infants from Southern Poland. Genotypic analysis was carried out on 53 children (16 newborns and 37 neonates) with confirmed HCMV infection.

[Differentiation of an integrated and episomal HPV-16 DNA using real-time PCR in cervical specimens of women diagnosed with intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer].

Unlabelled: Persistent high-risk HPV infection, especially HPV-16, is considered to be an important step in the process of cervical carcinogenesis. Integration of viral DNA into the host genome through the destruction of HPV E2 sequences, increases the expression of viral proteins E6 and E7 and their participation in the transformation of cervical cancer.

Objective: The aim of this study was to apply real-time PCR (RT-PCR) to assess the prevalence of integrated and episomal HPV-16 DNA and determine viral DNA load in women with cervical intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer

Material And Methods: A total of 84 women infected with HPV-16, including 44 with LSIL, 7 with HSIL and 33 with invasive cervical cancer participated in the study Cervical specimens were collected using the cytobrush.

Lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA detection in patients with active CMV infection - a possible role in the course of CMV infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background: The natural history of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in transplant recipients prompts researchers to look for other factors contributing to this infection. The ubiquity of lymphotropic herpesviruses (EBV, HHV-6, and HHV-7) and the possibility of their activation during immunosuppression may suggest their participation in progression of CMV infection in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Material/methods: The presence of CMV, EBV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 was confirmed through detection of viral DNA isolated from leukocytes.

[Is the presence of herpesviruses in cervical secretions a prognostic factor for cervical pathology in HPV-positive women?].

Cervical carcinogenesis is a complex problem where papillomavirus is widely accepted as a causative agent. The correlation of CMV, EBV, HSV-1, HSV-2 with precancerous and cancer cervical lesions was investigated in 125 women with different diagnosis: LSIL- 44, HSIL- 12, cervical carcinoma-27 vs. 42 women without abnormality in cytology (control group).

Herpesviruses as possible cofactors in HPV-16-related oncogenesis.

Cervical carcinogenesis is a complex problem with papillomavirus widely accepted as a causative agent. Integration of a human papillomavirus (HPV) of the high-risk type into the host cell genome is one of the major contributing factors to cervical malignant transformation. In this study, the correlation of CMV, EBV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections with the physical status of the HPV genome in cervical cancer and precancerous cervical lesions was investigated in sixty HPV-16-positive women.

Physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical cell DNA.

Multiplex PCR with specific primers for E2/E6 genes was used to assess the viral integration status of HPV-16 in women with low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL, respectively) in comparison to cervical cancer patients. Women with confirmed HPV-16 infection were examined: 30 with LSIL, 12 with HSIL and 23 with cervical cancer. The PCR products were separated electrophoretically in agarose gels and densitometric analysis was performed using Bio-Rad Quantity One software.

Genotype-specific human papillomavirus detection in cervical smears.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely accepted as a causative agent of cervical cancer. The distribution and prevalence of HPV types depend on geographic region and demographic factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of various HPV types and the outcome of cytological examination.

Detection of specific lytic and latent transcripts can help to predict the status of Epstein-Barr virus infection in transplant recipients with high virus load.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the family Herpesviridae, is widely spread in the human population and has the ability to establish lifelong latent infection. In immunocompetent individuals the virus reactivation is usually harmless and unnoticeable. In immunocompromised patients productive infection or type III latency may lead to EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD).

[May ureaplasmas in genital tract of HPV-positive women influence abnormal cytology of cervix?].

The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum (U.u.) and Ureaplasma parvum (Up.