Assessment of characteristics and treatment processes of wastewater from slaughterhouses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The state of Minas Gerais is one of Brazil's largest animal protein producers, and its slaughterhouses generate highly polluting wastewater, which needs to be treated for discharge or reuse. As a novelty, this review article focused on assessing the characteristics and methods to treat wastewater from slaughterhouses in the state of Minas Gerais, and verifying its compliance with environmental regulatory agencies. The aim was to present data that helps to better manage this residue in other Brazilian states and countries.

Characterisation of an inclusion complex between cladribine and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

Parenterally administered cladribine (2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine) has demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in clinical trials in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). An oral formulation of this small molecule would be an attractive option for patients. Here, we describe the chemical characterisation of the inclusion complex between cladribine and the drug carrier molecule 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2-HP-beta-CD).

Different electrospray tandem mass spectrometric approaches for rapid characterization of phospholipid classes of Curosurf, a natural pulmonary surfactant.

Curosurf is a pulmonary surfactant used in the treatment or prophylaxis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. It contains low molecular weight hydrophobic apoproteins and a series of lipids including phosphatidylcholines, lisophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylserines. In the present work, a rapid method to qualitatively map the Curosurf phospholipid classes without prior derivatization or chromatographic separations is described.

Phase I metabolism of ganstigmine. Rat, dog, monkey and human liver microsomal extracts investigated by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

Ganstigmine, a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, was incubated with rat liver microsomes and the resulting metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric (HPLC/MS) and HPLC/MS/MS analyses. The results showed the formation of eight main metabolites, among which geneseroline and molecules corresponding to mono-hydroxylated, demethylated and reduced ganstigmine. The metabolic profile drawn for humans, dog and monkey showed a pattern very similar to that of rat: only in the case of liver dog microsomes higher amounts of geneseroline and of a metabolite identified as demethylated and reduced drug were detected.

Polymorphism of rac-5,6-diisobutyryloxy-2-methylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene hydrochloride (CHF 1035). I. Thermal, spectroscopic, and X-ray diffraction properties.

The polymorphism of rac-5,6-diisobutyryloxy-2-methylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene hydrochloride (CHF 1035) was investigated. Three different crystal forms (Form I, Form II, and Form III) were obtained by recrystallization procedures from common organic solvents. The polymorphs were characterized by Raman and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR) spectroscopy, in solution and in solid state (cross polarization-magic angle spinning), powder X-ray diffractometry, and thermal methods (differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy, and thermogravimetry).

Raman and solid state 13C-NMR investigation of the structure of the 1 : 1 amorphous piroxicam : beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compound.

The results of a Raman and solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopic investigation aimed at studying the conformation of piroxicam (P) and its interaction with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) in 1 : 1 amorphous PbetaCD inclusion compound are reported. The 1700-1200 cm(-1) FT-Raman and the 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra of 1 : 1 PbetaCD inclusion compound are discussed and assigned in comparison with those of the three main modifications of piroxicam (alpha, beta, and monohydrate). The FT-Raman and 13C-NMR results show that in 1 : 1 PbetaCD inclusion compound piroxicam mainly assumes the zwitterionic structure typical of monohydrate, even if the presence of a different structure, that is, beta form, is not excluded.

Structural characterization of two polymorphic forms of piroxicam pivalate.

The crystal and molecular structures of two polymorphs of piroxicam pivalate are presented and discussed. A peculiarity of the high melting (154 degrees C) polymorph is the association of piroxicam pivalate molecules as centrosymmetric dimers by hydrogen bonding. Two centrosymmetrically related N-H.

Crystal forms of piroxicam pivalate: preparation and characterization of two polymorphs.

This study investigates the polymorphism of piroxicam ester with pivalic acid. Two crystal modifications were prepared by recrystallization from toluene (form 1) and ethyl acetate (form 2). Data regarding preparation conditions, solid state properties, and physicochemical characterization of two polymorphs by means of FT/IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry on powder, and thermal analysis are reported.

HPLC method for the quantitation of cispentacin enantiomers in rat urine.

The two enantiomers of cispentacin, an antifungal antibiotic, are determined by reversed phase HPLC, after derivatization with Marfey's reagent, in 24 h urine samples collected from rats treated sc and iv with 20 mg/kg cispentacin racemate obtained by synthesis. The application range of the method is 25-250 mg/L for each enantiomer with a precision of 4.0-9.

Characterization of phospholipidic components of the natural pulmonary surfactant Curosurf.

The phospholipidic classes of the natural pulmonary surfactant Curosurf were separated by bidimensional TLC and isolated. Quantitative analysis of each class was made by colorimetric determination of phosphorus. FD/MS and NH3-CI/MS were used to identify individual components.

Nicotine potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy: striatal mechanisms.

Nicotine potentiated the catalepsy produced by haloperidol. The excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA) selectively destroys striatal neurons when injected directly into the striatum. Bilateral QA lesions of the rat striatum (150 nmol) significantly reduced the catalepsy produced by haloperidol as well as the ability of nicotine to potentiate haloperidol-induced catalepsy.

Teicoplanin metabolism in humans.

Teicoplanin, a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, consists of five major components (A2-1 through A2-5), one hydrolysis component (A3-1), and four minor components (RS-1 through RS-4). All the major components contain an N-acyl-beta-D-glucosamine, but they differ in the lengths and branchings of their acyl-aliphatic chains. Previous studies with radiolabeled teicoplanin in rats and humans have shown that the drug is eliminated by the renal route and that metabolic transformation is very minor, about 5%.

Microbial de-mannosylation and mannosylation of teicoplanin derivatives.

The single components of the teicoplanin complex, glycopeptide antibiotics active against Gram-positive bacteria, can be converted in the corresponding de-mannosyl derivatives by cultures of Nocardia orientalis NRRL 2450 or Streptomyces candidus NRRL 3218. Conversely, teicoplanin aglycone and other teicoplanin de-mannosyl derivatives can be converted in the corresponding teicoplanin mannosyl derivatives by cultures of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus ATCC 31121. The biological transformation yields are approximately 40% for de-mannosylation and 90% for mannosylation.

Nicotine potentiates haloperidol-induced catalepsy and locomotor hypoactivity.

Nicotine was found to potentiate the catalepsy and reduced locomotion following the administration of haloperidol. The ability of various doses of nicotine (0.1, 0.

Isolation and structure determination of two new analogs of teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic.

Teicoplanin is an antibiotic produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus as a complex formed by five closely related glycopeptides characterized by different fatty acid chains of ten and eleven carbon atoms. In addition, minor quantities of related substances are present. Two of them, named RS-1 and RS-2, were shown to be teicoplanins having as fatty acid chains 10-methylundecanoic acid and n-dodecanoic acid, respectively.

Quantitative determination of propildazine in rat plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the evaluation of the new anti-hypertensive drug propildazine (ISF 2123) in rat plasma is described. The procedure involves separation of the drug from plasma by cation-exchange chromatography, subsequent acylation of the dried eluate with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and quantitation with electron-capture detection. Propildazine can be determined in concentrations down to ca.

Epoxide-diol metabolic pathway of cytenamide in the rat.

Cytenamide administered intraperitoneally to rats is biotransformed to cytenamide-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxycytenamide. These metabolites were separated by chromatographic methods and their structures elucidated by mass spectrometry. The structure of the epoxide was confirmed by direct comparison with an authentic sample.