Environmental impact of large language models in medicine.

The environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in medicine spans carbon emission, water consumption and rare mineral usage. Prior-generation LLMs, such as GPT-3, already have concerning environmental impacts. Next-generation LLMs, such as GPT-4, are more energy intensive and used frequently, posing potentially significant environmental harms.

Push or pull? Digital notification platform implementation reduces dysglycaemia.

Pushing selected information to clinicians, as opposed to the traditional method of clinicians pulling information from an electronic medical record, has the potential to improve care. A digital notification platform was designed by clinicians and implemented in a tertiary hospital to flag dysglycaemia. There were 112 patients included in the study, and the post-implementation group demonstrated lower rates of dysglycaemia (2.

Atriplex hortensis var. 'rubra' extracts and purified amaranthin-type pigments reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

The use of direct injection ion mobility mass spectrometry (DI-IM-MS) to detect and identify betacyanin pigments in A. hortensis 'rubra' extracts was explored for the first time, with results compared to conventional LC-MS/MS analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of leaf and seed extracts, alongside purified amaranthin and celosianin pigments, were investigated using a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemoresistance in paediatric pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Paediatric patients with relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) have poor prognosis, as relapse-causing clones are often refractory to common chemotherapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms leading to chemoresistance are varied, significant evidence suggests interactions between B-ALL blasts and cells within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate chemotherapy sensitivity. Importantly, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM adipocytes are known to support B-ALL cells through multiple distinct molecular mechanisms.

Translational artificial intelligence-led optimization and realization of estimated discharge with a supportive weekend interprofessional flow team (TAILORED-SWIFT).

Weekend discharges occur less frequently than discharges on weekdays, contributing to hospital congestion. Artificial intelligence algorithms have previously been derived to predict which patients are nearing discharge based upon ward round notes. In this implementation study, such an artificial intelligence algorithm was coupled with a multidisciplinary discharge facilitation team on weekend shifts.

Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 decreases sensitivity to bortezomib in multiple myeloma cell lines.

Background: The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is one of the primary therapies used for the haematological malignancy multiple myeloma (MM). However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to bortezomib, via mechanisms that are not fully elucidated, is a barrier to successful treatment in many patients. Our previous studies have shown that elevated expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 in MM plasma cells in newly diagnosed MM patients is associated with poor prognosis.

More than a small adult brain: Lessons from chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment for modelling paediatric brain disorders.

Childhood is recognised as a period of immense physical and emotional development, and this, in part, is driven by underlying neurophysiological transformations. These neurodevelopmental processes are unique to the paediatric brain and are facilitated by augmented rates of neuroplasticity and expanded neural stem cell populations within neurogenic niches. However, given the immaturity of the developing central nervous system, innate protective mechanisms such as neuroimmune and antioxidant responses are functionally naïve which results in periods of heightened sensitivity to neurotoxic insult.

Myeloperoxidase creates a permissive microenvironmental niche for the progression of multiple myeloma.

Expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a key inflammatory enzyme restricted to myeloid cells, is negatively associated with the development of solid tumours. Activated myeloid cell populations are increased in multiple myeloma (MM); however, the functional consequences of myeloid-derived MPO within the myeloma microenvironment are unknown. Here, the role of MPO in MM pathogenesis was investigated, and the capacity for pharmacological inhibition of MPO to impede MM progression was evaluated.

and evaluation of diethyldithiocarbamate with copper ions and its liposomal formulation for the treatment of and biofilms.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are mainly caused by () and () biofilms. Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria embedded in a self-produced matrix that offers protection against antibiotics and promotes the spread of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria. Consequently, antibiotic treatment frequently fails, resulting in the need for alternative therapies.

The Adelaide Score: An artificial intelligence measure of readiness for discharge after general surgery.

Background: This study aimed to examine the performance of machine learning algorithms for the prediction of discharge within 12 and 24 h to produce a measure of readiness for discharge after general surgery.

Methods: Consecutive general surgery patients at two tertiary hospitals, over a 2-year period, were included. Observation and laboratory parameter data were stratified into training, testing and validation datasets.

Mesenchymal stromal cell senescence in haematological malignancies.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and multiple myeloma (MM) are age-related haematological malignancies with defined precursor states termed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), respectively. While the progression from asymptomatic precursor states to malignancy is widely considered to be mediated by the accumulation of genetic mutations in neoplastic haematopoietic cell clones, recent studies suggest that intrinsic genetic changes, alone, may be insufficient to drive the progression to overt malignancy. Notably, studies suggest that extrinsic, microenvironmental changes in the bone marrow (BM) may also promote the transition from these precursor states to active disease.

A Thermosensitive, Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Delivery System for Antibacterial Liposomes to Surgical Site Infections.

Prophylaxis and the treatment of surgical site infections (SSIs) with antibiotics frequently fail due to the antibiotic resistance of bacteria and the ability of bacteria to reside in biofilms (i.e., bacterial clusters in a protective matrix).

The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against and biofilms and .

and are associated with life-threatening infections. Despite the best medical care, these infections frequently occur due to antibiotic resistance and the formation of biofilms of these two bacteria (i.e.

Calorie restriction has no effect on bone marrow tumour burden in a Vk*MYC transplant model of multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable haematological malignancy, caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow (BM). Obesity is a known risk factor for MM, however, few studies have investigated the potential of dietary intervention to prevent MM progression. Calorie restriction (CR) is associated with many health benefits including reduced cancer incidence and progression.

Chondrogenic preconditioning of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells within a magnetic scaffold for osteochondral repair.

Stem cell therapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represents a novel approach to treating severe diseases, including osteoarthritis. However, the therapeutic benefit of MSCs is highly dependent on their differentiation state, which can be regulated by many factors. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) magnetic scaffolds were successfully fabricated by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into electrospun gelatin nanofibers.

Fragmentation of tissue-resident macrophages during isolation confounds analysis of single-cell preparations from mouse hematopoietic tissues.

Mouse hematopoietic tissues contain abundant tissue-resident macrophages that support immunity, hematopoiesis, and bone homeostasis. A systematic strategy to characterize macrophage subsets in mouse bone marrow (BM), spleen, and lymph node unexpectedly reveals that macrophage surface marker staining emanates from membrane-bound subcellular remnants associated with unrelated cells. Intact macrophages are not present within these cell preparations.

Imaging of patients with multiple myeloma and associated plasma cell disorders: consensus practice statement by the Medical Scientific Advisory Group to Myeloma Australia.

Imaging modalities for multiple myeloma (MM) have evolved to enable earlier detection of disease. Furthermore, the diagnosis of MM requiring therapy has recently changed to include disease prior to bone destruction, specifically the detection of focal bone lesions. Focal lesions are early, abnormal areas in the bone marrow, which may signal the development of subsequent lytic lesions that typically occur within the next 18-24 months.

Desmoglein-2 expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis patients with multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common haematological malignancy and is an incurable disease of neoplastic plasma cells (PC). Newly diagnosed MM patients currently undergo lengthy genetic testing to match chromosomal mutations with the most potent drug/s to decelerate disease progression. With only 17% of MM patients surviving 10-years postdiagnosis, faster detection and earlier intervention would unequivocally improve outcomes.

Plant-derived soybean peroxidase stimulates osteoblast collagen biosynthesis, matrix mineralization, and accelerates bone regeneration in a sheep model.

Bone defects arising from fractures or disease represent a significant problem for surgeons to manage and are a substantial economic burden on the healthcare economy. Recent advances in the development of biomaterial substitutes provides an attractive alternative to the current "gold standard" autologous bone grafting. Despite on-going research, we are yet to identify cost effective biocompatible, osteo-inductive factors that stimulate controlled, accelerated bone regeneration.

The stem cell revolution: on the role of CD164 as a human stem cell marker.

Accurately defining hierarchical relationships between human stem cells and their progeny, and using this knowledge for new cellular therapies, will undoubtedly lead to further successful treatments for life threatening and chronic diseases, which represent substantial burdens on patient quality of life and to healthcare systems globally. Clinical translation relies in part on appropriate biomarker, in vitro manipulation and transplantation strategies. CD164 has recently been cited as an important biomarker for enriching both human haematopoietic and skeletal stem cells, yet a thorough description of extant human CD164 monoclonal antibody (Mab) characteristics, which are critical for identifying and purifying these stem cells, was not discussed in these articles.

Deletion of in Preosteoblasts Reveals a Role for the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Complex in Dietary-Induced Changes to Bone Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Female Mice.

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) complex is the major nutrient sensor in mammalian cells that responds to amino acids, energy levels, growth factors, and hormones, such as insulin, to control anabolic and catabolic processes. We have recently shown that suppression of the mTORC1 complex in bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs) improved glucose handling in male mice fed a normal or obesogenic diet. Mechanistically, this occurs, at least in part, by increasing OB insulin sensitivity leading to upregulation of glucose uptake and glycolysis.