In-Situ Generation of Hydrogen Polysulfides (HS) with Thioglucose, Glucose Oxidase, and Chloroperoxidase.

Hydrogen polysulfides (HS) have emerged as critical physiological mediators that are closely associated with hydrogen sulfide (HS) signaling. HS exhibit greater nucleophilicity than HS while also having electrophilic characteristics, enabling unique activities such as protein S-persulfidation. Despite their physiological importance, mechanisms and reactivities of HS remain inadequately explored due to their inherent instability in aqueous environments.

Immune modulation by nutritional intervention in malnourished children: Identifying the phenotypic distribution and functional responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Malnourished children are susceptible to an increased risk of mortality owing to impaired immune functions. However, the underlying mechanism of altered immune functions and its interaction with malnutrition is poorly understood. This study investigates the immune function and evaluates the effect of a particular nutritional intervention on the immune cells of undernourished children.

Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths at Baseline and after Albendazole Treatment in the School-Age Children of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals in Bangladesh.

The forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMNs) known as Rohingya refugees are the largest group of stateless individuals globally. According to the emergencies humanitarian actors at the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the worldwide refugee crisis involving FDMNs is intensifying at the fastest rate in history. Growing public health demands are being exacerbated by current difficulties in addressing poor access to health services, severe food shortages, and a lack of adequate housing.

Targeting hepatitis B vaccine escape using immunogenetics in Bangladeshi infants.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine escape mutants (VEM) are increasingly described, threatening progress in control of this virus worldwide. Here we studied the relationship between host genetic variation, vaccine immunogenicity and viral sequences implicating VEM emergence. In a cohort of 1,096 Bangladeshi children, we identified human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants associated with response vaccine antigens.

Direct Nasal Swab for Rapid Test and Saliva as an Alternative Biological Sample for RT-PCR in COVID-19 Diagnosis.

Accurate and early diagnoses are prerequisites for prompt treatment. For coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is even more crucial. Currently, choice of methods include rapid diagnostic tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using samples mostly of respiratory origin and sometimes saliva.

Exploratory Analysis of Selected Components of the mTOR Pathway Reveals Potentially Crucial Associations with Childhood Malnutrition.

Dysregulations in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway are associated with several human anomalies. We aimed to elucidate possible implications for potential aberrations in the mTOR pathway with childhood malnutrition. We analyzed the activity of phospho-mTORC1 and the expressions of several mTOR pathway genes, namely: , , , and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from venous blood of children suffering from different forms of malnutrition and compared them with those from healthy children.

Risk Factors for Norovirus Infections and Their Association with Childhood Growth: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study.

The prevalence of norovirus infections in different geographical locations and their attribution to childhood diarrhea is well established. However, there are no reports showing possible relationships of different norovirus genogroups with subsequent childhood malnutrition. In this study, we attempted to establish a potential association between asymptomatic norovirus infections with childhood growth faltering during.

A Comprehensive Computational Investigation into the Conserved Virulent Proteins of species Unveils Potential Small-Interfering RNA Candidates as a New Therapeutic Strategy against Shigellosis.

species account for the second-leading cause of deaths due to diarrheal diseases among children of less than 5 years of age. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant isolates and the lack of availability of vaccines have led to the pertinence in the efforts made for the development of new therapeutic strategies against shigellosis. Consequently, designing small-interfering RNA (siRNA) candidates against such infectious agents represents a novel approach to propose new therapeutic candidates to curb the rampant rise of anti-microbial resistance in such pathogens.

MicroRNA Expression and Intestinal Permeability in Children Living in a Slum Area of Bangladesh.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Changes in miRNA expression have been reported in a number of intestinal diseases, in both tissue samples and readily accessible specimens like stools. Pathogenic infections, diet, toxins, and other environmental factors are believed to influence miRNA expression.

Plasma Kynurenine to Tryptophan Ratio Is Negatively Associated with Linear Growth of Children Living in a Slum of Bangladesh: Results from a Community-Based Intervention Study.

Chronic exposure to infectious agents results in environmental enteric dysfunction-a significant contributor to childhood stunting. Low plasma tryptophan (TRP), increased kynurenine (KYN), and KYN-TRP (KT) ratio are associated with infections and chronic immune activation. We postulated that both these conditions are interlinked, and therefore aimed to identify the association between KT ratio and the linear growth of Bangladeshi children.

Fecal MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Screening and Diagnosis of Intestinal Diseases.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of conserved endogenous, small non-coding RNA molecules with a length of 18-25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression by RNA interference processes, including mRNA chopping, mRNA deadenylation, and translation inhibition. miRNAs maintain the physiological functions of the intestine and are instrumental in gut pathogenesis. miRNAs play an important role in intercellular communication and are present in all body fluids, including stools with different composition and concentrations.

Screening for coeliac disease in children and adults living in a slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Background And Objective: Serological screening with a confirmation through biopsy has improved the understanding of coeliac disease (CD) epidemiology worldwide. Prevalence of CD in Bangladesh is not yet explored and therefore, we aimed to assess the seroprevalence of CD in slum-dwelling malnourished children and adults in Dhaka.

Methods: Serum samples were collected from three different cohorts: stunted (length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) <-2) and at risk of stunting children (LAZ <-1 to -2) and malnourished adults (body mass index <18.

Microbiome-mediated neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2 and protection from amebic colitis.

The disease severity of Entamoeba histolytica infection ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Recent human and animal data implicate the gut microbiome as a modifier of E. histolytica virulence.

Role of Eosinophils and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Interleukin-25-Mediated Protection from Amebic Colitis.

The parasite is a cause of diarrhea in infants in low-income countries. Previously, it was shown that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production was associated with increased risk of diarrhea in children. Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a cytokine that is produced by intestinal epithelial cells that has a role in maintenance of gut barrier function and inhibition of TNF-α production.

Nanoformulation of synergistic TLR ligands to enhance vaccination against Entamoeba histolytica.

Diarrheal infectious diseases represent a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need for vaccines against diarrheal pathogens, especially parasites. Modern subunit vaccines rely on combining a highly purified antigen with an adjuvant to increase their efficacy.

Role of Serum Amyloid A, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Bone Marrow Granulocyte-Monocyte Precursor Expansion in Segmented Filamentous Bacterium-Mediated Protection from Entamoeba histolytica.

Intestinal segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) protect from ameba infection, and protection is transferable with bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs). SFB cause an increase in serum amyloid A (SAA), suggesting that SAA might mediate SFB's effects on BMDCs. Here we further explored the role of bone marrow in SFB-mediated protection.

Glucosylation Drives the Innate Inflammatory Response to Clostridium difficile Toxin A.

Clostridium difficile is a major, life-threatening hospital-acquired pathogen that causes mild to severe colitis in infected individuals. The tissue destruction and inflammation which characterize C. difficile infection (CDI) are primarily due to the Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B.

Interleukin-25 Mediated Induction of Angiogenin-4 Is Interleukin-13 Dependent.

The intestinal surface is directly exposed to both commensal microorganisms as well as pathogens with a single layer of epithelium separating luminal microorganisms from internal tissues. Antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role in allowing epithelial cells to contain in the lumen beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. The commensal dependent, epithelial produced, Th2 cytokine IL-25 can induce IL-13 and potentially the antimicrobial peptide angiogenin-4.

Bone marrow dendritic cells from mice with an altered microbiota provide interleukin 17A-dependent protection against Entamoeba histolytica colitis.

Unlabelled: There is an emerging paradigm that the human microbiome is central to many aspects of health and may have a role in preventing enteric infection. Entamoeba histolytica is a major cause of amebic diarrhea in developing countries. It colonizes the colon lumen in close proximity to the gut microbiota.

Role of leptin-mediated colonic inflammation in defense against Clostridium difficile colitis.

The role of leptin in the mucosal immune response to Clostridium difficile colitis, a leading cause of nosocomial infection, was studied in humans and in a murine model. Previously, a mutation in the receptor for leptin (LEPR) was shown to be associated with susceptibility to infectious colitis and liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica as well as to bacterial peritonitis. Here we discovered that European Americans homozygous for the same LEPR Q223R mutation (rs1137101), known to result in decreased STAT3 signaling, were at increased risk of C.

A mutation in the leptin receptor is associated with Entamoeba histolytica infection in children.

Malnutrition substantially increases susceptibility to Entamoeba histolytica in children. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes that inhibits food intake, influences the immune system, and is suppressed in malnourished children. Therefore we hypothesized that diminished leptin function may increase susceptibility to E.

High throughput multiplex PCR and probe-based detection with Luminex beads for seven intestinal parasites.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for intestinal parasites are increasingly being used on fecal DNA samples for enhanced specificity and sensitivity of detection. Comparison of these tests against microscopy and copro-antigen detection has been favorable, and substitution of PCR-based assays for the ova and parasite stool examination is a foreseeable goal for the near future. One challenge is the diverse list of protozoan and helminth parasites.

Malnutrition and helminth infection affect performance of an interferon gamma-release assay.

Objective: We sought to compare the tuberculin skin test (TST) to the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay (QFT-IT) and assess the effects of malnourishment and intestinal helminth infection on QFT-IT results.

Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study from Dhaka, Bangladesh, we screened children for latent tuberculosis infection with the QFT-IT and TST. We assess the agreement between the TST and QFT-IT, risk factors associated with indeterminate QFT-IT results, and magnitude of interferon γ (IFN-γ) production.