[Computer tomography findings of orbital changes within the scope of juvenile neurofibromatosis].

The computerized tomography of 9 cases of neurofibromatosis is compared with routine X-rays. Gliomas of the optic nerve, sphenoidal dysplasias, plexiform neurofibromas and buphthalmos are shown in detail. CT today is an indispensable procedure for the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis of the orbit.

[Recurrent extensive pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) of the submandibular gland--diagnosis and therapy].

The authors report an extensive recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland with destruction of the ramus of the lower jaw. The advantages of computed tomography are the possibility of assessing the osseous structures, the extension of the soft parts, and the relation to the adjacent neck structures. Despite the unusual bone infiltration, histological examination did not point to malignancy.

[Injuries of the medial epicondyle of the humerus in children. Conservative or surgical therapy?].

18 patients with avulsions of the medial epicondyle 1 10/12 to 16 2/12 years after trauma are presented. Non-union occurs very often after conservative treatment involving avulsion with or without displacement. Although non-union of the medial epicondyle gives no or only little disability, the fixation with one or two Kirschner wires is recommended to avoid non-union.

[Differential diagnosis of cystic and cystic-like lesions of the jaw].

The difficulties in the differential diagnosis of jaw cysts are demonstrated by 10 selected case studies. Panorama radiographies are basic for radiodiagnosis. Supplementary radiographs, including CT, are often necessary.

[Computed tomography of the orbit. II. Iatrogenic changes].

The typical CT visualisation of silicone implants and prostheses after ophthalmological operations to the eye and orbit are described. Changes following surgery or trauma, such as haemorrhage, inflammation or abscess, are discussed and the difficulties in differential diagnosis are dealt with.

[Computed tomography of the orbit. I. Trauma-induced changes].

The CT findings in 120 patients following trauma to the orbits, and in 60 patients with iatrogenic abnormalities, have been analysed. CT has been found to be extremely useful in the diagnosis of trauma and postoperative changes by its ability to demonstrate fractures, foreign bodies, haematomas, abscesses, soft tissue displacement or perforation of orbital structures, as well as showing prosthetic material.

[Malignant lymphomas of the orbit, facial bones and the parapharyngeal space].

The evaluation of 21 patients with non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma and primary extranodal manifestations involving the orbits, the paranasal sinuses, and the parapharyngeal spaces shows no typical features in malignant lymphoma. The analysis of the morphological features in computed tomography allows no classification of the tumor type. The most important differential diagnoses within the region of the facial skeleton are discussed.

[Calcification of optic disk drusen on CT].

Four cases of unilateral or bilateral calcification of optic disk drusen have been observed on CT. The clinical indications are considered. The differential diagnosis of intra-orbital calcification is discussed.

[Neurofibromatosis in childhood. Computed tomographic findings in the skull and neck areas].

The value of CT was investigated in sixteen children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis affecting the skull and neck. Its advantage is the simultaneous demonstration of bone and soft tissue changes, which frequently occur together in this condition. Demonstration of the extent of the neurofibromatous soft tissue changes is of crucial importance to the surgeon when planning treatment.

[Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery].

Various types of fibromuscular dysplasia of the extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery are described; morphologically, the common group shows abnormality of the media. The distribution, with sparing of the carotid bifurcation and of the artery in the carotid canal, as well as the sex and age of the patient, are typical. Possible treatment is discussed.

[Image quality in intravenous digital subtraction angiography of renal vessels].

Visualisation of the renal arteries and image quality of intravenous DSA were evaluated in 62 patients. The left renal artery is visualised less well than overlying more frequently the right renal artery because of gas in the stomach and colon. IV DSA is not adequate for visualisation of the subsegmental arteries, and cannot be used for tumor angiography.

[Prognosis of condylus-radialis-humeri fractures in children following conservative and osteosynthesis treatment].

Basing on a follow-up study of 31 fractures of the condylus radialis humeri in childhood, the authors present suggestions for surgical and conservative therapy. Despite the fact that fractures of the condylus radialis are epiphyseal fractures of the Salter III and IV types, conservative treatment is advocated provided the fracture is not or only slightly dislocated and can be reset to produce closure. Kirschner wiring can be employed to prevent possible recurrence of dislocation if such a tendency is suspected.

[Injuries of the elbow and forearm in children].

The article reviews aids in radiological diagnosis of elbow lesions in children. It is most essential to know the anatomical conditions, the development of the ossification centres, of the statisticsl frequency of the individual types of lesions, and of the numerous combined sequels to traumas. The valuable aid given by th roentenological visualisation of the extracapsular fat (anterior and posterior), especially in undefined lesions, is discussed, as well as the importance of other fat pad signs which are helpful in identifying anatomic conditions.

[CT diagnosis of mucoceles].

The article describes on the basis of the authors' own 12 cases the typical CT pattern of mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses--intrasinusoidal space-occupying growths with central density values of 20-25 HE, expansive displacement of the adjacent walls. Attention is drawn to the special factors due to the localization, which are different for various paranasal sinuses. Conventional tomography can be omitted in future.

Factor VII Padua defect: the heterozygote population.

14 heterozygote patients, belonging to three families with factor VII Padua defect were investigated. All patients were asymptomatic but presented a mild prolongation of prothrombin time. Factor VII activity varied between 45 and 61% of normal and no overlap was found with the homozygous or the normal populations.