High-resolution, real-time, and nonfluoroscopic 3-dimensional cardiac imaging and catheter navigation in humans using a novel dielectric-based system.

Background: Catheter navigation and 3-dimensional (3D) cardiac mapping are essential components of minimally invasive electrophysiological procedures.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a novel 3D mapping system (KODEX - EPD, EPD Solutions, Best, The Netherlands) that measures changing electric field gradients induced on intracardiac electrodes to enable catheter localization and real-time 3D cardiac mapping.

Methods: We first validated the accuracy of the system's measurement and localization capabilities by comparing known and KODEX - EPD-measured distances and locations at 12 anatomical landmarks in both the atria and ventricles of 4 swine.