IL-4 inhibits TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation by inhibition of RANKL expression in TNF-α-activated stromal cells and direct inhibition of TNF-α-activated osteoclast precursors via a T-cell-independent mechanism in vivo.

It has been reported that osteoclastogenesis is induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Interleukin (IL)-4 is the most important cytokine involved in humoral immunity. However, no studies have investigated the effect of IL-4 on TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in vivo.

Anti-c-Fms antibody inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclastogenesis in vivo.

It has been reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has the ability to induce inflammation and osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclast formation is dependent on macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and ligand for the receptor activator of necrosis factor-kB. In this study, the effect of antibody against c-Fms, which is the receptor of M-CSF, on LPS-mediated osteoclastogenesis was investigated in mice.

Bonded orthodontic retainers: a comparison of initial bond strength of different wire-and-composite combinations.

Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate initial bond strength in Newton (N) of two types of wires (Ortho- Flextech chain and Penta-One Coaxial wire 0.0215") bonded with three lingual retainer composites (FlowTain, Light Cure Retainer and Transbond LR).

Materials And Methods: One hundred and eighty sound, extracted human premolars were randomly divided into six equal groups.