Target of Rapamycin in Control of Autophagy: Puppet Master and Signal Integrator.

The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. TOR senses nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and stress signals to promote cell and organ growth when conditions are favorable. However, TOR is inhibited when conditions are unfavorable, promoting catabolic processes such as autophagy.

TOR mediates the autophagy response to altered nucleotide homeostasis in an RNase mutant.

The Arabidopsis thaliana T2 family endoribonuclease RNS2 localizes to the vacuole and functions in rRNA degradation. Loss of RNS2 activity impairs rRNA turnover and leads to constitutive autophagy, a process for degradation of cellular components. Autophagy is normally activated during environmental stress and is important for stress tolerance and homeostasis.

Phenomenal Bombardment of Antibiotic in Poultry: Contemplating the Environmental Repercussions.

Antibiotics have constantly been added at an unprecedented rate in order to enhance poultry meat production. Such antibiotics impose a negative impact on human health directly through meat and egg consumption. On the other hand, they also affect humans indirectly by affecting the normal key microbial processes in the agricultural environments, when used as poultry compost.

The Ins and Outs of Autophagic Ribosome Turnover.

Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis in all organisms and their biogenesis and number are tightly controlled to maintain homeostasis in changing environmental conditions. While ribosome assembly and quality control mechanisms have been extensively studied, our understanding of ribosome degradation is limited. In yeast or animal cells, ribosomes are degraded after transfer into the vacuole or lysosome by ribophagy or nonselective autophagy, and ribosomal RNA can also be transferred directly across the lysosomal membrane by RNautophagy.

Probing the impact of quercetin-7-O-glucoside on influenza virus replication influence.

Background: Influenza virus is still at large and seriously affects social welfare and health. Dianthus superbus is a well-known medicinal plant widely used in Mongolian and Chinese traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory purposes.

Purpose: To investigate the influence of this novel herbal medicinal product over virus infection and virus-induced symptoms

Method: Quercetin-7-O-glucoside was isolated by bioassay (anti-influenza)-guided fractionation.