Healthcare insurance fraud detection using data mining.

Background: Healthcare programs and insurance initiatives play a crucial role in ensuring that people have access to medical care. There are many benefits of healthcare insurance programs but fraud in healthcare continues to be a significant challenge in the insurance industry. Healthcare insurance fraud detection faces challenges from evolving and sophisticated fraud schemes that adapt to detection methods.

Genetic Polymorphism of and Its Relationship with Nicotine Metabolism in Male Bataknese Smokers Suffered from Lung Cancer in Indonesia.

Background: Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known as an enzyme which is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds.

Aim: This study aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine metabolism rates and lung cancer incidence among smokers of Batak ethnic group in Indonesia.

Methods: This study was a case-control study involving 140 research subjects through a purposive sampling technique from three hospitals in Medan, Indonesia.

The Role of Genetic Polymorphism in Nicotine Dependence and Tobacco Consumption among Bataknese Male Smokers.

Aim: This research aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine dependence and its relation to the number of cigarette consumption among Bataknese smokers.

Method: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 research subjects in Medan, Indonesia.

Results: Nicotine dependence rates were found to be significantly associated with the number of cigarette consumption expressed in the Brinkman Index.

The effect of propranolol in malay patients with liver cirrhosis - a pharmacodynamic evaluation.

The pharmacodynamics of propranolol were studied in 12 cirrhotic Malay patients. Fifteen healthy Malay volunteers were selected and several clinical parameters were obtained. The effects of three doses of propranolol in reducing the heart rate (HR) of these patients were observed to be significantly different.

The Pharmacokinetics of Single Dose vs Steady-State Doses of Propranolol in Cirrhotic Malay Patients.

Pharmacokinetics of propranolol (PRN) given orally were studied in twelve cirrhotic Malay patients [10 males, 2 females], aged 33-62 years [49.83±9.17], body weight 39-72 kg [58.