Neuropathologic substrates of ischemic vascular dementia.

Ischemic vascular dementia (IVD) is a relatively uncommon entity, in the course of which multiple ischemic brain lesions result in progressive cognitive and memory impairment. Ischemic brain lesions may also aggravate the neuropsychologic deficit of Alzheimer disease (AD). In this review we summarize our experience based upon autopsy examination of the central nervous system in 20 patients (age range 68-92 years) enrolled in a longitudinal investigation of structural, neurochemical, functional neuroimaging, and neuropsychologic components of IVD, especially dementia associated with cerebral microvascular disease.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer disease is associated with apolipoprotein E4 and cortical neuron loss.

Pathological correlations were sought between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and other classical neurodegenerative changes in 101 consecutive cases of autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease (AD). Some degree of CAA was found in at least one area of the brain in 81% of the cases; severe CAA was found in at least one brain region in 29% of the cases. In a subset of 42 cases for which genomic DNA was available, greater severity of CAA was associated more with cases that were homozygous for apolipoprotein epsilon4 than in cases with only one or no epsilon4 alleles (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.

Aggressive enterogenous cyst with extensive craniospinal spread: case report.

Objective And Importance: Considered benign and malformative in nature, enterogenous cysts are predominantly spinal lesions. Although recurrences have been reported, especially in the rare intracranial examples, craniospinal dissemination has never been described.

Clinical Presentation: We report a 63-year-old woman who presented 16 years previously with a histologically typical enterogenous cyst of the cerebellum.

Arteriovenous malformation and glioma: coexistent or sequential? Case report.

A 9-year-old girl was evaluated for behavioral changes and seizures. Initial computerized tomography and cerebral angiography revealed a left cerebral vascular mass, diagnosed as an arteriovenous malformation. An embolization procedure was attempted but was terminated before completion because the patient developed a right hemiparesis.

Levator-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy caused by a solitary midbrain metastasis.

One month before death, a 63-year-old man with known lung carcinoma manifested a left third-nerve palsy and crossed ataxia. The oculomotor involvement began with a dilated left pupil and progressed to a complete left oculomotor nerve palsy, with the exception of nearly normal lid function. Pathologic examination revealed a solitary midbrain metastasis involving the left third-nerve nucleus and rootlets, with the exception of the caudal central oculomotor subnucleus and its outflow fibers.

Multiple cystic encephalomalacia of infancy: computed tomographic findings in two cases with associated intracerebral calcification.

Two initially healthy infants developed acute encephalopathic illnesses characterized by stupor, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) erythrocytic and monocytic pleocytosis, increased CSF protein, and decreased CSF glucose and progression to chronic decerebration. In one case, herpes simplex virus was recovered from cutaneous lesions. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan revealed widespread subcortical increased attenuation with further increase after contrast medium injection and patchy areas of decreased attenuation in the deep cerebral white matter.