Association of temperament with genetic polymorphisms in , and genes.

Due to its accessibility, efficacy, and affordability, traditional medicine (TM) is the main source of health services for many people in the world. Nevertheless, in spite of its benefits, there are still many issues about the principles of TM which demand further declaration. One of the essential principles of Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) is temperament (mizaj), which efficiently applied in diagnosis and therapy of illnesses.

Effects of chronic methamphetamine abuse on the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width.

Background: Methamphetamine (Meth) is a highly addictive and hallucinogenic agent which is used as the second most common illicit drug globally. Meth could affect the retina and optic nerve by inducing the release of vasoconstrictive agents such as endothelin 1 and induction of severe oxidative stress with accumulation of reactive oxygen species.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of chronic Meth abuse on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (MRW).