Dietary fatty acid patterns and risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study.

Background: The association between individual dietary fatty acids (FAs) and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been investigated in previous studies. However, synergistic or additive effects of multiple FA have received less attention. Hence, we aimed to determine the major dietary FA patterns and evaluate the association between FA patterns and risk of MetS.

Effect of weight change on the association between overall and source of carbohydrate intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study.

Background: In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary carbohydrates, whole grains, refined grains, and simple sugar with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and assess the effect of weight change on these associations.

Methods: This study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). We included 1915 healthy participants with complete demographic, anthropometric and dietary measurements, among whom 591 developed MetS during 8.

Snack consumption patterns and their associations with risk of incident metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study.

Aim: Few studies considered the association between snack patterns and metabolic abnormalities. Here we aimed to characterize the major snack patterns among Iranian adults and determine their association with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods: This study was conducted on 1713 MetS-free adults who participated in the third phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).

High-Fat Dairy Products May Decrease the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Incidence: A Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study.

Objective: The association between consumption of dairy products and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is under debate. We aimed to determine the potential effects of total and subtypes of dairy intake on the occurrence of CKD.

Methods: This study was conducted within the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) on 2416 CKD-free adults.

Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to pool findings of cohort studies that investigated hazards of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in relation to intakes of SFAs. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases up to June 2021 to find eligible studies. Review articles or commentaries, clinical trials, cross-sectional studies, studies on gestational or type 1 diabetes patients, animal studies, articles with no access to full-texts, articles published in non-English languages, and articles with missing critical data needed for the systematic review were excluded from the meta-analysis.

Spot urinary microalbumin concentration, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Tehran lipid and glucose study.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the association of urinary microalbumin concentrations with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and its phenotypes. The optimum cut-off values of urinary microalbumin and microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (MCR) for predicting the chance of having T2DM and MetS were also defined.

Methods: Adult men and women (n = 1192) participated in the sixth phase (2014-2017) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), with completed data, were included in the analyses.

The association between dietary fats and the incidence risk of cardiovascular outcomes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Background: The association between dietary fats and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is under debate. We aimed to determine the potential effects of dietary saturated fats (SFA), mono-unsaturated (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids on the occurrence of CVD in an adult Asian population.

Methods: This study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 2809 CVD-free adults, aged ≥ 19 years.

Common Limitations and Challenges of Dietary Clinical Trials for Translation into Clinical Practices.

The progressive development of clinical and public health nutrition has long relied on dietary clinical trials (DCTs), investigating the causal relationship between diet and multiple risk factors of non-communicable and chronic diseases. DCTs are also hallmarks for establishing dietary requirements and promoting overall nutritional health among the population. Despite their critical importance in translation into public health strategies and practices, DCTs have several limitations and challenges for study design, implementation and finding interpretation.

Habitual intake of dietary L-arginine in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study.

Background: There are insufficient data in case of the potential association of habitual dietary L-arginine and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence. Here we aimed to examine the potential effect of dietary L-arginine on the T2DM incidence.

Methods: For this cohort study, 2139 T2DM-free adults from the participations of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) were recruited.

Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on leptin and adiponectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Ramadan intermittent fasting may affect whole-body metabolism by affecting appetite-related hormones. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the possible effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on the main hormones regulating appetite and satiety, including leptin and adiponectin.

Methods: All English language papers in the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched using the keywords "Ramadan fasting", "adiponectin", and "leptin", up to 2020.

Urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio: a simple and useful indicator of diet quality in population-based studies.

Background: Current evidence regarding the prognostic relevance of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na-to-K ratio), as an indicator of diet quality is limited. This study was conducted to investigate whether urinary Na-to-K ratio could be related to habitual dietary patterns, in a general population.

Methods: This study was conducted in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014-2017) on 1864 adult men and women.

Effect of inorganic nitrate on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Aim: In this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, effect of oral inorganic nitrate (NO) on metabolic parameters was assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Seventy-four eligible patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to NO-rich beetroot powder (5 g/d contains ~250 mg NO) and placebo groups to complete intervention over a 24-week period. Blood HbA1c, fasting serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, as well as lipid profile were assessed at baseline and again at weeks 4, 12, and 24; indices of insulin resistance were also calculated.

Functional properties of beetroot () in management of cardio-metabolic diseases.

Red beetroot (), as a naturally occurring root vegetable and a rich source of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds, is known for its beneficial roles in the improvement of several clinical and pathologic outcome. Chronic and acute beetroot juice supplementation, as a cost-effective strategy, is proposed to hold promises in controlling diabetes and insulin hemostasis, blood pressure and vascular function, renal health and the possible effect on microbiome abundance. The secondary outcome and physiological response of microbiome abundance modulation included the non- significant fluctuation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Elevated serum levels of aminotransferases in relation to unhealthy foods intake: Tehran lipid and glucose study.

Background: Abnormal levels of liver enzymes, particularly aminotransferases, are prognostic features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Considering the important role of dietary intakes in development of NAFLD, we aimed to determine possible association of unhealthy foods (fast foods, soft drinks, sweet and salty snacks) consumption with elevated levels of aminotransferases.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of sixth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014-2017), on 187 adult men and 249 adult women (19-70 y).

Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid and lipoprotein parameters: An updated meta-analysis.

Aims: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify several aspects of intermittent fasting during the month of Ramadan on lipid and lipoprotein levels in apparently healthy subjects.

Data Synthesis: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases and the reference lists of previous reviews, up to Feb 2019 for studies that investigated the effects of Ramadan fasting on fasting levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C among healthy subjects including pregnant women and athletic subjects. Studies were selected for quality assessment, meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and meta-regressions; data of 33 eligible studies, conducted between 1978 and 2019, were included in the analysis.

Tea, coffee, caffeine intake and the risk of cardio-metabolic outcomes: findings from a population with low coffee and high tea consumption.

Background: This study aimed to assess the potential effects of long-term intake of caffeine and habitual consumption of coffee and tea on the occurrence of cardio-renal events among an Iranian population with low coffee and high tea consumption.

Methods: Adult participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008 to 2012-2014) who met the study inclusion criteria, were recruited. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire.

The Association between Dietary Fat Pattern and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

Despite several studies examining single dietary fats on type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence, little is known about the effects of multiple fatty acids on the risk of T2D. We aimed to address this question in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) population. Dietary intakes of participants without T2D (n=2,139) were assessed using the validated food frequency questionnaire.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity and incidence of chronic kidney disease in subjects with dysglycemia: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the association of dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with incidence of CKD in subjects with dysglycemia.

Methods: We followed-up 1179 subjects aged ≥30 years with dysglycemia from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) for 3 years, who were initially free of CKD. Dietary intakes of TAC, vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire at the baseline.