Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mass in Infants With 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Less Than 50 nmol/L: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The dose of supplemental vitamin D needed in infants born with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations less than 50 nmol/L (ie, 20 ng/mL) is unclear.

Objective: To determine whether a higher dose (1000 IU vs 400 IU per day) is required in infants born with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L for bone mineral accretion across infancy.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this prespecified secondary analysis of a double-blinded randomized clinical trial, conducted from March 2016 to March 2019 in a single center in Greater Montreal, Quebec, Canada, a consecutive sample of 139 healthy term singletons were recruited from 866 infants screened for vitamin D status at birth.

Vitamin D Status of Infants of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes: Status at Birth and a Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation across Infancy.

Background: Vitamin D status and requirements of infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are unclear.

Objectives: The objectives were to assess vitamin D status in infants of mothers with GDM and compare vitamin D status in response to 400 vs. 1000 IU/d vitamin D supplementation in infants born with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <50 nmol/L.

Maternal and neonatal red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inversely associate with infant whole-body fat mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Research regarding polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status and body composition in neonates is limited. This study tested the relationship between newborn docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status and body composition. Healthy mothers and their term-born infants ( = 100) were studied within 1 month postpartum for anthropometry and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Dietary docosahexaenoic acid contributes to increased bone mineral accretion and strength in young female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Growing evidence suggests that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22:6n-3) enhances bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in adulthood and during aging, however the effects during and after sexual maturation are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the dose-response of BMC, BMD and microarchitectural properties of bone to dietary DHA in healthy growing female rats during acquisition of peak bone mass (PBM). Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12/diet) were randomized to receive a control diet (AIN-93 M, 60 g soybean oil/kg diet) or an experimental diet containing 0.

Docosahexaenoic Acid at 0.4% of Dietary Weight Enhances Lean Mass in Young Female Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is an n-3 (ω-3) fatty acid known for beneficial effects on body composition.

Objective: The objective of the study was to test the dose response of lean and fat mass to DHA in healthy growing female rats.

Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 wk at baseline; n = 12/diet) were randomly assigned to receive a control (AIN-93M; 60 g soybean oil/kg diet) or experimental diet for 10 wk.

The effect of exercise training on upregulation of molecular markers of bile acid metabolism in the liver of ovariectomized rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet.

Background: Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an important transcriptional factor involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism in the liver. SHP has been reported to be down-regulated in ovariectomized (Ovx) mice and up-regulated by estrogens suggesting a link between estrogens and SHP. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise training on SHP and key molecular markers of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis in Ovx rats under cholesterol feeding.

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity in controlled and uncontrolled Type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: This study was designed to compare lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity in Type 2 diabetes patients with good or weak glycemic control.

Methods: In this case-control study, 62 Type 2 diabetic patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between 6 and 8 were enrolled as the controlled group and 55 patients with HbA1c > 8 were selected as an uncontrolled group. Patients were all referred to Iranian Diabetes Association in Tehran, Iran, from 2010 onward.

GLUT2 proteins and PPARγ transcripts levels are increased in liver of ovariectomized rats: reversal effects of resistance training.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of ovariectomy (Ovx) and 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) on gene expression of GLUT2, the main glucose transporter in the liver, and on PPARγ, a transcription factor known to target GLUT2 expression.

Methods: Forty Holtzman rats were divided into 5 groups: Sham-sedentary (Sed), Sham- RT, Ovx-Sed, Ovx-RT, and Ovx-Sed with hormone replacement (E2). The RT protocol consisted of sessions held every 72 h for 12 weeks, during which the animals performed 4 to 9 vertical climbs (1.

High dietary cholesterol and ovariectomy in rats repress gene expression of key markers of VLDL and bile acid metabolism in liver.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of high dietary cholesterol in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats on several key markers of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism.

Method: Ovx and sham operated (Sham) rats were given either a standard diet (SD), a SD diet supplemented with 0.25% cholesterol (SD + Chol), or a high fat diet supplemented with 0.

Exercise training decreases gene expression of endo- and xeno-sensors in rat small intestine.

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that gene expression of members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily known to act as endo- and xeno-sensors is reduced in the ileum of exercise-trained (Tr) rats. Healthy female rats were either treadmill-trained for 8 weeks, 5 times/week, or remained sedentary (Sed). Training resulted in a significant (p < 0.