Exploring immune checkpoint inhibitors: Focus on PD-1/PD-L1 axis and beyond.

Immunotherapy emerges as a promising approach, marked by recent substantial progress in elucidating how the host immune response impacts tumor development and its sensitivity to various treatments. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy by unleashing the power of the immune system to recognize and eradicate tumor cells. Among these, inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable clinical efficacy across various malignancies.

Prognostic significance of tumor budding in endometrial cancer: clinicopathological insights.

Purpose: Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers worldwide, with rising incidence rates. Despite therapeutic advances, it remains a significant cause of cancer-related deaths. Tumor budding (TB), characterized by single cells or small clusters at the invasive tumor front, is a recognized prognostic marker in several cancers but is less studied in endometrial cancer.

Assessing hazards and associated fall risks among elderly population: a cross-sectional study of different residential settings in Karachi, Pakistan.

Background: Safety is one of the top priorities in caring for elderly people because they gradually lose their functional ability with age and are more vulnerable to injuries. Therefore, ensuring safety needs in one's own residential settings is crucial; however, public awareness of home hazards and associated risks of falls is limited. The current study assessed the hazards and associated risks of falling in various residential settings across Karachi, Pakistan.

A Rare Case of Axillary Fibroadenoma in Accessory Breast Masquerading Malignancy.

Fibroadenoma presenting in the axilla is a rare occurrence often associated with ectopic breast tissue. Accessory breast(s) are characterized by the existence of additional breasts, exceeding the typical count of two, accompanied by or without a nipple and areola, in human anatomy. It can manifest at any point along the primitive embryonic milk lines, which extend from the armpit to the groin region.

Oncocytic Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features: A Case Report.

Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) poses diagnostic challenges due to its rarity and distinctive histomorphological features. We report a case of oncocytic NIFTP in a 50-year-old lady with left thyroid swelling, emphasizing the difficulties encountered in both cytological and histological diagnosis. The case illustrates the importance of meticulous examination and awareness of updated diagnostic criteria, especially in distinguishing NIFTP from other thyroid neoplasms.

Meckel's diverticulum with ectopic pancreatic and epididymal tissue in a newborn infant.

Introduction And Importance: Meckel's diverticulum is a congenital anomaly affecting about 2 % of the population due to incomplete omphalomesenteric duct closure during fetal development. While often asymptomatic, it can cause complications like obstruction and bleeding. Ectopic tissue within the diverticulum, such as gastric and pancreatic tissue, is reported.

Axillary intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma, a rare tumour at an unusual site, with literature review.

Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma (IPM) arising in the axilla is an extremely rare, benign mesenchymal tumour. It is believed to originate from myofibroblast or smooth muscle cells and exhibits specific histopathological features. While there have been occasional cases of recurrence, no malignant transformation has been observed.

Maximizing diagnostic precision: Evaluating the combined Yokohama and BI-RADS scoring system for breast lesions.

Background: The diagnosis of breast cancer necessitates a multifaceted approach integrating cytopathological and radiological assessments. The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) Yokohama system and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) are fundamental frameworks in this context. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a combined Yokohama-BI-RADS scoring system for breast lesions.

Collision-type adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon with signet-ring adenocarcinoma: A rare case report.

Introduction And Importance: Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the colon is a rare malignancy, representing approximately 0.06 % of colorectal cancers (CRC). It is characterized by the coexistence of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components.

Management of an Aortoesophageal Fistula With Esophageal Endoluminal Wound Vacuum Therapy.

A 39-year-old man with past medical history of type A aortic dissection presented to the emergency department with hematemesis, hypotension, and tachycardia. Imaging revealed an aortoesophageal fistula. The patient was taken emergently for thoracic endovascular aortic repair to cover the area of potential fistula.

Exploring the clinicopathological parameters of HER2 low breast cancers: insights from a retrospective cohort study.

Purpose: Breast cancer subtypes are delineated by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, pivotal in treatment selection. HER2-positive tumors typically respond to targeted therapies, whereas HER2-negative tumors lack HER2 overexpression. However, a subset exhibits low HER2 expression without amplification, termed HER2 low breast cancer.

Association of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with clinicopathological parameters in endometrial cancer.

Purpose: Endometrial cancer (EC) ranks as one of the most prevalent gynecological malignancies globally. The presence and role of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment have garnered interest due to their prognostic and therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the association between stromal TILs and various clinicopathological parameters in EC.

The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives.

Cancer immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to combat cancer, marking a significant advancement in treatment. This review traces its evolution from the late 19th century to its current status. It began with William Coley's pioneering work using bacterial toxins to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells, establishing the foundational concept of immunotherapy.

Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma in the hilar region: A case of minimal marrow involvement in an elderly male.

Introduction And Importance: Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (SEP) is a rare plasma cell neoplasm, constituting around 3 % of plasma cell malignancies. SEP typically presents as a single tumor, either in bone or soft tissue, without systemic disease, and is often misdiagnosed due to its nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis requires biopsy and extensive imaging studies to exclude multiple myeloma and other malignancies.

A rare case of dedifferentiated intracranial solitary fibrous tumor with chondrosarcomatous differentiation.

This report details a rare case of a 30-year-old female presenting with neurological symptoms, including headaches, seizures, and left-sided weakness. Imaging revealed a mass in the right parafalcine region of her brain. Surgical resection identified a tumor with two distinct components.

Tuberculous parotitis: A case series diagnosed on fine needle aspiration.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations. Parotid tuberculosis, although rare, presents diagnostic challenges due to its atypical presentation. Cytological examination is pivotal in diagnosing parotid lesions.

Evaluating the Clinico-Pathological Relationship Between Stromal Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Androgen Receptor Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Invasive Breast Carcinoma.

Breast cancer remains a significant cause of mortality globally, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is widely employed to minimize tumor burden and prevent local spread, with treatment efficacy varying based on molecular subtypes. Despite advancements, resistance to conventional therapies persists, prompting the exploration of alternative approaches, including immune cell therapy.

Intracranial solitary fibrous tumour with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: A diagnostic challenge of a rare presentation.

Introduction And Importance: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms, initially described in the pleura but capable of arising in various anatomical locations, including the central nervous system. Dedifferentiation, characterized by the transformation of a low-grade tumor into a high-grade sarcoma, is an uncommon phenomenon in SFTs, especially in the intracranial region.

Case Presentation: A 31-year-old male visited the neurology outpatient department with complaints of frequent headaches, seizures, speech difficulties, and weakness on the left side of his body.

Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Implications for Immunosuppressive Microenvironment.

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterised by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. One hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to undergo metabolic reprogramming, which allows them to sustain their rapid growth and survival. This metabolic reprogramming creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates tumour progression and evasion of the immune system.

Factors Associated With Permanent Pacemaker Placement After Tricuspid Valve Operations.

Background: Conduction abnormalities requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation are common after tricuspid valve operations, although the incidence is variable. This study investigated contemporary rates of and risk factors for a PPM after tricuspid operations.

Methods: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database was used to identify patients with tricuspid repair or replacement from 2011 to 2020.

Unicentric Castleman disease masquerading as a gluteal mass: A diagnostic challenge.

Castleman disease, a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by non-neoplastic lymph node enlargement, typically presents as nodal involvement, while extranodal manifestations are uncommon. We present a unique case of unicentric Castleman disease localized to the gluteal region in a 27-year-old female. Initially mistaken for a neurogenic or vascular tumour, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) revealed a polymorphous population of lymphoid cells with numerous traversing capillaries suggestive of reactive hyperplasia, possibly Castleman disease, which was later confirmed by histopathology.