Biological arches and changes to the curvilinear form of the aging maxilla.

The facial skeleton can be conceptualized as a series of arches aligned along a vertical axis, with regional differences in shape. Previous work suggested that the maxilla undergoes differential growth with time. Because these arch forms resemble geometric forms, it may be possible to measure changes to their shape with the aging process.

Changes in ocular globe-to-orbital rim position with age: implications for aesthetic blepharoplasty of the lower eyelids.

Changes in the relationship of the anterior globe to the orbital rim, orbital fat, and cheek mass are examined in the present study. Two groups of individuals (N = 28) were studied, young versus old, using three-dimensional computer tomography. A computer-derived soft tissue reformat of the data allowed the anterior-posterior changes to be evaluated at the midpupillary plane.

A technique for three-dimensional cephalometric analysis as an aid in evaluating changes in the craniofacial skeleton.

A technique is presented for creating a standardized view for use in three-dimensional cephalometry. Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis has become a valuable tool in the assessment of skeletal remodeling, contour changes, and changes in proportion that occur with aging. Computer-assisted tomographic data can be used in either coronal or axial sections; the present study was performed with axially acquired data that was processed in several steps to achieve a standardized position of the facial skeleton for further evaluation.

The effect of skeletal remodeling on the nasal profile: considerations for rhinoplasty in the older patient.

The effect of continued differential growth of the adult male craniofacial skeleton on the nasal profile is examined in the present study. Two groups of individuals (N = 20) were compared, young (ages 16-23) and old (49-64). A three-dimensional CT scan was created for each individual in a standardized view.

Concertina effect and facial aging: nonlinear aspects of youthfulness and skeletal remodeling, and why, perhaps, infants have jowls.

The effect of aging on the orbitomaxillary region is evaluated in the present study. The observation was made that infants look like aged individuals in terms of the midface soft-tissue contours of the midface. Because preliminary work has shown that the facial skeleton remodels throughout life, this observation led to the hypothesis that infants and older individuals appear similar because they have comparable skeletal dimensions, specifically in the orbitomaxillary region.

Variability of the midfacial muscles: analysis of 50 hemifacial cadaver dissections.

The region of the midface represents a challenging area to both reconstructive and aesthetic surgeons. An anatomic study was performed that attempted to identify patterns and variations of the muscular anatomy. The goals of this study were twofold: to identify patterns and variability of the midfacial muscles that might impact on reconstructive efforts and to attempt to correlate this anatomy with features of the overlying soft tissues, specifically the nasolabial crease.

Double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle: anatomy, incidence, and clinical correlation.

The anatomy of the double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle is investigated in a series of 50 hemifacial cadaver dissections. The double zygomaticus major muscle represents an anatomical variation of this muscle of facial expression. This bifid muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone.

Relative maxillary retrusion as a natural consequence of aging: combining skeletal and soft-tissue changes into an integrated model of midfacial aging.

The contribution of maxillary retrusion to the formation of the nasolabial fold is evaluated in the present study. Clinical observation of patients from the craniofacial unit with concomitant maxillary retrusion revealed prominent signs of midfacial aging: specifically these individuals displayed a prominent nasolabial fold at an early age. This observation led to the hypothesis that relative maxillary retrusion occurs as a normal feature of the aging process.

Anatomy of a "black eye": a newly described fascial system of the lower eyelid.

The anatomy of a black eye is examined in a series of cadaver dissections in which a previously unreported fascial system of the lower eyelid is identified. This fascia originates at the orbital rim, and is in continuity with the orbital septum and with the periosteum of the orbital floor and anterior maxillary wall. This fascia contributes to the thickened area along the orbital rim called the arcus marginale.

The anatomy of the labiomandibular fold.

The anatomy of the labiomandibular fold was evaluated in a series of 12 fresh hemifacial cadaver dissections. The techniques of methylene blue dye injection, histologic evaluation, and gross dissection all confirm that the labiomandibular fold has distinct anatomic boundaries. The superior boundary is formed by the cutaneous insertion of the depressor anguli oris muscle at the labiomandibular crease.

Mediastinal angiomatosis.

Angiomatosis is a poorly understood entity belonging to the vascular tumor family. It has never been described occurring in the mediastinum until this case report. Features unique to this tumor are described in this article, including a high recurrence rate after resection.

Prevalence of asymptomatic chlamydial cervical infection in active duty Army females.

Four hundred seventy-six consecutive active duty Army females who presented for routine pap smears were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Thirty-nine of 476 (8.2%) tested positive for chlamydia using the Chlamydiazyme enzyme immunoassay.

The effects of alcohol and tobacco use on troop readiness.

Prior studies have documented the ill effects of cigarette smoking on soldier athletic performance. We examined the effects, if any, of cigarette smoking and alcohol use on troop readiness. A group of 510 soldiers was examined.