Effects of electrical stimulation on rat limb regeneration, a new look at an old model.

Limb loss is a devastating disability and while current treatments provide aesthetic and functional restoration, they are associated with complications and risks. The optimal solution would be to harness the body's regenerative capabilities to regrow new limbs. Several methods have been tried to regrow limbs in mammals, but none have succeeded.

Patterns of recurrence after resection of gallbladder cancer without routine extrahepatic bile duct resection.

Objective: Routine extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) resection in non-jaundiced patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) is controversial. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse patterns of recurrence in patients who underwent resection of GBC without routine EBD resection.

Methods: This analysis referred to 58 patients who had undergone explorative laparotomy for GBC during 2000-2012 at a single, tertiary referral centre.