Histologic features of allograft livers in patients treated for rejection before biopsy.

Liver biopsy is essential for management in liver transplant patients with clinical features suspicious for acute cellular rejection (ACR). As more patients are transplanted for noninfectious indications, it has become increasingly common for them to receive treatment for presumed ACR before biopsy. The effect of pretreatment on the classic histologic triad of ACR's mixed portal inflammation, endothelialitis, and bile duct damage is not well described.

Histologic mimics and diagnostic pitfalls of gastrointestinal endoscopic lifting media, ORISE™ gel and Eleview®.

Synthetic lifting media, ORISE™ gel and Eleview®, are increasingly used in gastrointestinal endoscopy, but neither comparative features nor pitfalls are well-established. Media histopathology, morphologic mimics, and complications are described, along with helpful stains and endoscopist media preference. A 3-year retrospective search was performed.

Pulmonary Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Has IgG4 Plasma Cells and Immunoregulatory Features.

The immunologic mechanisms promoting eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) are unclear. To characterize the mechanisms underlying pulmonary EGPA, we examined and compared EGPA paraffin-embedded lung biopsies with normal lung biopsies, using immunostaining, RNA sequencing, and RT-PCR. The results revealed novel type 2 as well as immuneregulatory features.

Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography in glaucoma.

Since the introduction of commercial optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems, the ophthalmic imaging modality has rapidly expanded and it has since changed the paradigm of visualization of the retina and revolutionized the management and diagnosis of neuro-retinal diseases, including glaucoma. OCT remains a dynamic and evolving imaging modality, growing from time-domain OCT to the improved spectral-domain OCT, adapting novel image analysis and processing methods, and onto the newer swept-source OCT and the implementation of adaptive optics (AO) into OCT. The incorporation of AO into ophthalmic imaging modalities has enhanced OCT by improving image resolution and quality, particularly in the posterior segment of the eye.

Clinical Utility of Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has established itself as the dominant imaging modality in the management of glaucoma and retinal diseases, providing high-resolution visualization of ocular microstructures and objective quantification of tissue thickness and change. This article reviews the history of OCT imaging with a specific focus on glaucoma. We examine the clinical utility of OCT with respect to diagnosis and progression monitoring, with additional emphasis on advances in OCT technology that continue to facilitate glaucoma research and inform clinical management strategies.

Prior inpatient admission increases the risk of post-operative infection in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery.

Background: Hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HPB) operations have a high incidence of post-operative nosocomial infections. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hospitalization up to 1 year before HPB surgery is associated with an increased risk of post-operative infection, surgical-site infection (SSI) and infection resistant to surgical chemoprophylaxis.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing HPB surgeries between January 2008 and June 2013 was conducted.

Classifying severity of abdominal contour deformities after weight loss to aid in patient counseling: a review of 1006 cases.

Background: Abdominal contour deformities after massive weight loss are highly variable, ranging from a mild upper protuberance to multiple rolls. Correction of these deformities is challenging and may require advanced surgical techniques. Evaluating the incidence of patients presenting with various abdominal deformities and the factors influencing these deformities could aid patients undergoing weight loss.

Increased Escherichia coli-induced interleukin-23 production by CD16+ monocytes correlates with systemic immune activation in untreated HIV-1-infected individuals.

The level of microbial translocation from the intestine is increased in HIV-1 infection. Proinflammatory cytokine production by peripheral antigen-presenting cells in response to translocated microbes or microbial products may contribute to systemic immune activation, a hallmark of HIV-1 infection. We investigated the cytokine responses of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and monocytes to in vitro stimulation with commensal enteric Escherichia coli in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from untreated HIV-1-infected subjects and from uninfected controls.