Effective and Time-Efficient Implementation of a Flipped-Classroom in Preclinical Medical Education.

The flipped classroom (FC) model of instruction has inherent barriers to implementation in medical education due to amount of content taught versus time allotted, the widespread adoption of interdisciplinary course structure causing a plethora of instructors responsible for content delivery, and trends to reduce the number of weeks to teach preclinical foundational science. Here we report on a FC model executed in an interdisciplinary endocrinology block in a time-saving manner, while preserving student preferences and satisfaction and improving written assessment performance. In this study, traditional lectures were 100% replaced with pre-session assignments (custom video modules) resulting in less time (- 9 h) spent on first pass learning.

Descriptors in Letters of Recommendation for Otolaryngology Residency Across Gender, Race, and Time.

Objective: To determine whether differences exist in the descriptors used in letters of recommendations for Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) residency candidates, comparing race and gender as depicted in visual letters of recommendation (VLORs) from the 2014 and 2019 application cycles.

Design: Four hundred thirty-three LORS (284 narrative LORs and 149 standardized LORs) and 63 medical student performance evaluations for 104 candidates who interviewed at the University of Cincinnati OHNS residency program in 2014 and 2019 were analyzed. Descriptors from LORs and medical student performance evaluations were collected by two reviewers and QSR NVivo 12 was used to generate a word cloud that grouped words by synonym and weighted them by frequency.

Circadian Biology in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a complex process that can lead to the dysregulation of the molecular clock, as well as 24 h rhythms of sleep and wake, blood pressure, and other associated biological processes. Previous work has demonstrated crosstalk between the circadian clock and hypoxia-responsive pathways. However, even in the absence of OSA, disrupted clocks can exacerbate OSA-associated outcomes (e.