Survival, Growth, and Reproduction Responses in a Three-Generation Exposure of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.

A prior multigenerational perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) exposure investigation in zebrafish reported adverse effects at 0.734 µg/L, among the lowest aquatic effect levels for PFOS reported to date. The present three-generation PFOS exposure quantified survival, growth, reproduction, and vitellogenin (VTG; egg yolk protein) responses in zebrafish, incorporating experimental design and procedural improvements relative to the earlier study.

Establishing Chronic Toxicity Effect Levels for Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are among the aquatic species most sensitive to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Environmental regulatory agencies and researchers use effect benchmarks from laboratory zebrafish PFOS toxicity studies in PFOS-spiked water to calculate PFOS aquatic life criteria. Threshold values as low as 0.

A Critical Review of Amphibian Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Ecotoxicity Research Studies: Identification of Screening Levels in Water and Other Useful Resources for Site-Specific Ecological Risk Assessments.

With the goal of aiding risk assessors conducting site-specific risk assessments at per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-contaminated sites, this critical review synthesizes information on the ecotoxicity of PFAS to amphibians in 10 amphibian species and 16 peer-reviewed publications. The studies in this review consisted of spiked-PFAS chronic toxicity experiments with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) that evaluated apical endpoints typical of ecological risk-based decision making (survival, growth, and development). Body mass was the most sensitive endpoint, showing clear and biologically meaningful population level adverse effect sizes (≥20% adverse effects).

Transcriptomic Changes and the Roles of Cannabinoid Receptors and PPARγ in Developmental Toxicities Following Exposure to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol.

Human consumption of cannabinoid-containing products during early life or pregnancy is rising. However, information about the molecular mechanisms involved in early life stage Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) toxicities is critically lacking. Here, larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to measure THC- and CBD-mediated changes on transcriptome and the roles of cannabinoid receptors (Cnr) 1 and 2 and peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) in developmental toxicities.

An 'omics approach to investigate the growth effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of guanylurea exposure on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Metformin is a widely prescribed pharmaceutical used in the treatment of numerous human health disorders, including Type 2 Diabetes, and as a results of its widespread use, metformin is thought to be the most prevalent pharmaceutical in the aquatic environment by weight. The removal of metformin during the water treatment process is directly related to the formation of its primary degradation product, guanylurea, generally present at higher concentrations in surface waters relative to metformin. Growth effects observed in 28-day early life stage (ELS) Japanese medaka exposed to guanylurea were found to be similar to growth effects in 28-day ELS medaka exposed to metformin; however, effect concentrations were orders of magnitude below those of metformin.

Developmental exposure to Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) causes biphasic effects on longevity, inflammation, and reproduction in aged zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Increased availability of cannabis and cannabinoid-containing products necessitates the need for an understanding of how these substances influence aging. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to different concentrations of THC (0.08, 0.

Developmental exposure to cannabidiol (CBD) alters longevity and health span of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Consumption of cannabinoid-containing products is on the rise, even during pregnancy. Unfortunately, the long-term, age-related consequences of developmental cannabidiol (CBD) exposure remain largely unknown. This is a critical gap given the established Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm which emphasizes that stressors, like drug exposure, early in life can instigate molecular and cellular changes that ultimately lead to adverse outcomes later in life.

Developmental and Full-Life Cycle Exposures to Guanylurea and Guanylurea-Metformin Mixtures Results in Adverse Effects on Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Metformin is currently thought to be the highest drug by weight released into the aquatic environment, as a direct result of its widespread use in the treatment of a number of human health disorders. The removal of metformin from wastewaters is directly related to the formation of guanylurea (metformin's only known persistent degradation product), which is generally present at higher concentrations in surface waters than the parent compound. With metformin use rising steadily, it is important to characterize the effects of guanylurea on nontarget aquatic organisms.

Multigenerational consequences of early-life cannabinoid exposure in zebrafish.

While Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been widely studied in the realm of developmental and reproductive toxicology, few studies have investigated potential toxicities from a second widely used cannabis constituent, cannabidiol (CBD). CBD is popularized for its therapeutic potential for reducing seizure frequencies in epilepsy. This study investigated developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) via multigenerational gene expression patterns, behavior phenotypes, and reproductive fitness of a subsequent F1 following an F0 developmental exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to THC (0.

Effects of environmentally relevant metformin exposure on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Metformin is one of the most prevalent pharmaceuticals in both surface and waste waters, yet little is known about the bioavailability and/or effects of developmental exposure on early life stage (ELS) fish. Here, we demonstrate that embryo-larval stages of medaka are capable of taking up metformin from the aquatic environment, provided exposure occurs prior to chorion hardening (∼6-hpf). Once transferred to clean water, ELS medaka are able to completely depurate metformin in <24-hours.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A critical review of the impacts on fish reproduction.

Research in environmental toxicology involving pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has increased greatly over the last 10-15 years. Much research has been focused on the endocrine-disrupting potential of PPCPs, as they relate to negative population impacts of aquatic organisms. This review assesses the current data on the reported effects of PPCPs on fish reproduction with an emphasis on fecundity, a predictor of population effects.

Effects of pulp and paper mill effluent extracts on liver anaerobic and aerobic metabolic enzymes in rainbow trout.

This study investigates whether pulse exposure to Chilean pulp and paper mill effluent solid phase extracted (SPE) extracts via intraperitoneal injection (IP), would result in changes in the activities of the respiratory metabolic enzymes citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rainbow trout livers. It also investigated if an alteration in liver metabolic capacity influenced the liver detoxification processes and estrogenic effects previously reported. Besides, a comparison of those enzymatic activities with fish IP injected with SPE extracts of two model effluents coming from industries that process 100% different type of feedstock (softwood, SW and hardwood, HW) was also evaluated.