Implementing learning into practice from continuous professional development activities: a scoping review of health professionals' views and experiences.

Purpose: Continuing professional development (CPD) is an approach for health professionals to preserve and expand their knowledge, skills, and performance, and can contribute to improving delivery of care. However, evidence indicates that simply delivering CPD activities to health professionals does not lead to a change in practice. This review aimed to collate, summarize, and categorize the literature that reported the views and experiences of health professionals on implementing into practice their learning from CPD activities.

Identifying factors influencing clinicians' reporting of medication errors: a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis using the theoretical domains framework.

Introduction: Medication errors have a significant impact on patient safety and professional practice. The widespread under-reporting of errors by clinicians indicates the critical need for behavioral change. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize qualitative evidence on factors influencing clinicians' reporting of medication errors.

Scope, content and quality of clinical pharmacy practice guidelines: a systematic review.

Background: Guidelines for pharmacy practitioners regarding various clinical pharmacy activities have been published in a number of countries. There is a need to review the guidelines and identify the scope of activities covered as a prelude to developing internationally acceptable common guidelines.

Aim: To review the scope of clinical pharmacy guidelines and assess the extent to which these guidelines conform to quality standards as per the AGREE II instrument.

Correction: Using Assessment Design Decision Framework in understanding the impact of rapid transition to remote education on student assessment in health-related colleges: A qualitative study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Investigating physicians' views on non-formulary prescribing: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework.

Background: Well-designed and well-maintained drug formularies serve as a reliable resource to guide prescribing decisions; they are associated with improved medicine safety and increased efficiency, while also serving as a cost-effective tool to help manage and predict medicine expenditure. Multiple studies have investigated the inappropriate prescribing of non-formulary drugs (NFDs) with statistics indicating that up to 70% of NFD usage being inappropriate or not following the ascribed NFD policies.

Aim: To explore physicians' views and influences on their prescribing of non-formulary drugs.

Factors that influence patient and public adverse drug reaction reporting: a systematic review using the theoretical domains framework.

Background: Only 5-10% of all adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are reported. Mechanisms to support patient and public reporting offer numerous advantages to health care systems including increasing reporting rate. Theory-informed insights into the factors implicated in patient and public underreporting are likely to offer valuable opportunity for the development of effective reporting-interventions and optimization of existing systems.

Attitudes and beliefs regarding the use of herbs and supplementary medications with COVID-19: A systematic review.

Background And Aim: There is growing interest in using herbs and supplementary medications to treat and/or prevent COVID-19, evidenced by multiple reports exploring their effectiveness and safety. From a health psychology perspective, the desire to use herbs and supplementary medications to prevent and/or treat COVID-19 is a health behavior which is attributed to attitudes and beliefs. This systematic review critically appraised and synthesized the data from studies investigating these attitudes and beliefs.

A scoping review of theories used to investigate clinician adherence to clinical practice guidelines.

Background: Routine utilization of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is an effective strategy to optimize patient care and reduce practice variation. Healthcare professionals' failure to adhere to CPGs introduces risks to both patients and the sustainability of healthcare systems. The integration of theory to investigate adherence provides greater insight into the often complex reasons for suboptimal behaviors.

Learning needs assessments in continuing professional development: A scoping review.

Background: A rigorous learning needs assessment (LNA) is a crucial initial step in the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) process. This scoping review aimed to collate, summarize, and categorize the reported LNA approaches adopted to inform healthcare professional CPD and highlight the gaps for further research.

Method: In August 2020, nine bibliographic databases were searched for studies conducted with any health professional grouping, reporting the utilized LNA to inform CPD activities.

A study to investigate the implementation process and fidelity of a hospital to community pharmacy transfer of care intervention.

Background: Hospital to community pharmacy transfer of care medicines-related interventions for inpatients discharged home aim to improve continuity of care and patient outcomes. One such intervention has been provided for seven years within a region in England. This study reports upon the implementation process and fidelity of this intervention.

Patient activation and patient-reported outcomes of men from a community pharmacy lifestyle intervention after prostate cancer treatment.

Purpose: To report patient activation, which is the knowledge, skills, and confidence in self-managing health conditions, and patient-reported outcomes of men after prostate cancer treatment from a community pharmacy lifestyle intervention.

Methods: The 3-month lifestyle intervention was delivered to 116 men in nine community pharmacies in the UK. Patient Activation Measure (PAM) was assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Using Assessment Design Decision Framework in understanding the impact of rapid transition to remote education on student assessment in health-related colleges: A qualitative study.

Maintaining integrity and validity with online assessment is a significant issue that is well documented. Overt policies encouraging educators to adopt e-Learning and implement digital services coupled with the dramatic change in the education system in response to the challenges posed by COVID-19, has furthered the demand for evidence-based approaches for the planning and delivery of assessments. This study employed the Assessment Design Decision Framework (ADDF), a theoretical model that considers key aspects of assessment design, to retrospectively investigate from a multi-stakeholder perspective the assessments implemented following the rapid transition to remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A theoretically informed, mixed-methods study of pharmacists' aspirations and readiness to implement pharmacist prescribing.

Background Studies have highlighted advancing clinical pharmacy practice in Qatar. Objective To explore pharmacists' aspirations and readiness to implement pharmacist prescribing. Setting Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), the main provider of secondary and tertiary care.

A rapid review and narrative synthesis of hospital to community pharmacy transfer of care services in England.

Objectives: A new discharge medicines service in England has been proposed for rollout in July 2020. This study aims to appraise the evidence for hospital to community pharmacy referral services in England. A rapid review methodology was adopted, findings were synthesised and reported narratively.

Adopting a systems thinking approach to investigate the implementation and provision of a pharmacist-led post-discharge domiciliary medicines review service.

Background: Intervention planners need to be sufficiently cognisant of the health system landscape to facilitate embedding, adoption and diffusion of new services. Pharmacist-led transfer of care initiatives from hospital to community have been developed to address a health system flaw: patient hospital readmissions. A hospital in England partnered with a chain of community pharmacies establishing a domiciliary pharmacist medicines use review service (DMRS) for discharged patients to reduce hospital readmissions.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes and pharmacological management of Covid-19 infection in pregnancy: a systematic review protocol.

Background: Over 4.2 million confirmed cases and more than 285,000 deaths, COVID-19 pandemic continues to harm significant number of people worldwide. Several studies have reported the impact of COVID-19 in general population; however, there is scarcity of information related to pharmacological management and maternal and perinatal outcomes during the pandemic.

A service evaluation and stakeholder perspectives of an innovative digital minor illness referral service from NHS 111 to community pharmacy.

Introduction: The management of minor conditions represents a significant burden for urgent and emergency care services and reduces the capacity to provide specialist care for higher acuity healthcare need. A pilot Digital Minor Illness Service (DMIRS) was commenced in the North East of England in December 2017 to feasibility test the NHS 111 referral to community pharmacy for patients presenting with minor conditions.

Objectives: A formative evaluation of the service activity data and qualitative investigation of stakeholders involved in the service design, management, delivery and use, aims to present and investigate the service outcomes.

Correction: A systematic review of the outcome data supporting the Healthy Living Pharmacy concept and lessons from its implementation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Exploring the experiences and preparedness of humanitarian pharmacists in responding to an emergency-response situation.

Background: Pharmacists are more frequently being deployed along with other members of the multi-disciplinary team in order to provide humanitarian aid. This team will need to work collaboratively to overcome challenges such as constraints in access to medication, medical supplies and medical records. Recent literature reports on the role of the pharmacist across all facets of care continuing to evolve into clinical areas to support patient care.

A systematic review of the outcome data supporting the Healthy Living Pharmacy concept and lessons from its implementation.

Background: The Healthy Living Pharmacy (HLP) project, launched in England, UK in 2009 was a novel approach of introducing public health services within community pharmacy to tackle local health inequalities. A national roll-out followed a reported successful pilot; subsequent local evaluations ensued.

Objectives: To summarise reported outcomes and investigate contextual factors that indicate the presence, absence and maturity of implementation determinants, thus offering useful lessons to stakeholders in implementing future initiatives to achieve successful outcomes.

A study to investigate the impact of a blended learning teaching approach to teach pharmacy law.

Objective: To describe the implementation and assess the effect of a blended learning approach to teach pharmacy law.

Methods: Twenty didactic pharmacy law lectures were redeveloped to 9 h of flipped classroom sessions. Presession online videos delivered factual content created in-house.

Community pharmacy minor ailment services: Pharmacy stakeholder perspectives on the factors affecting sustainability.

Background: Self-care advice and management of minor ailments have long been provided in community pharmacies across England. However, formal pharmacy minor ailment service provision is geographically variable and has yet to gain recognition and political support as a valued sustainable service for nationwide adoption and commissioning.

Objective: To investigate the sustainability potential of pharmacy minor ailment services from the perspective of community pharmacy stakeholders within the North East of England.

Consensus methodology to determine minor ailments appropriate to be directed for management within community pharmacy.

Background: National Health Service (NHS) 111, a medical helpline for urgent care used within the England and Scotland, receives significant numbers of patient calls yearly for a range of clinical conditions. Some are considered high acuity and mainly directed to urgent and emergency care. Low acuity conditions are also directed to these costly, overburdened services.