Genetic Variation versus Morphological Variability in European Peatland Violets (- Group).

In Europe, the - group comprises Ledeb., L., (Kuta) G.

Re-introduction of an extinct population of Pulsatilla patens using different propagation techniques.

The study focuses on the propagation of a rare and endangered plant species (Pulsatilla patens) to re-introduce an extinct population from calamine area in Southern Poland. The plants were propagated from seeds, rhizome cuttings, or regenerated in vitro from shoot tips, hypocotyls with roots or cotyledons of seedlings on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25 or 0.

Seasonal and Simultaneous Cleistogamy in Rostrate Violets (, subsect. , Violaceae).

The special mixed reproductive system, i.e., the ability of an individual plant to develop both open, chasmogamous (CH) flowers adapted to cross-pollination and closed, cleistogamous (CL) flowers with obligate self-pollinating, is a common phenomenon in L.

Lack of correlation between pollen aperture number and environmental factors in pansies (Viola L., sect. Melanium Ging.) - pollen heteromorphism re-examined.

The development of different pollen morphs by one specimen - pollen heteromorphism - occurs in ca. one-third species of the genus Viola. Melanium section species (pansies) stand out in producing the widest range of apertures among Viola species.

[Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 1999].

2,020 cases of meningitis and 494 of encephalitis were reported in Poland in 1999. Among meningitis 1,024 cases were classified as viral and 996 as bacterial. Etiological factor was determined in 264 (26.

[Mumps in Poland in 1999].

In 1999, 90,214 cases of mumps were reported. Incidence of 233.4 per 100,000 was two and a half times lower than in the previous year.

[Meningitis and encephalitis in 1998].

In 1998--3,024 cases of meningitis and 581 cases of encephalitis were reported. It was 1,436 cases less then in 1997. A significant decrease of enteroviral meningitidis was observed and strains of ECHO30 was not dominant, it was Cox B5.

[Mumps in 1998].

In 1998 217,452 cases of mumps were reported and attack rate of 562/100,000 was two and a half times higher than in the previous year. More then four percentage (4.7) of cases were admitted to hospitals (10,147) and the percentage of hospitalised children ranged from 0.

[Meningitis and encephalitis in 1997].

In 1997, 4,409 cases of meningitis and 632 cases of encephalitis were reported in Poland. Meningitis incidence rate was 11.4 per 100,000, and was 3-times lower than in 1996.

[Mumps in 1997].

In 1997 83,558 cases of mumps were reported and attack rate of 216.3/100,000 was two times higher than in the previous year. Four percent of cases were admitted to hospitals (3,327) and the percentage of hospitalised children ranged from 0.

[The outbreak of an epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis in Kielec province induced by milk ingestion].

Outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was reported between May 14 and June 20 1995 in Busko Zdrój in Kielce Province. Drinking fresh (unboiled) goat's milk from private breeding was probable reason of the outbreak. 63 person drank goat's milk from the same source; 15 were hospitalized with neurological symptoms, 33 persons had an influenza-like symptoms and were treated in out-patient department (27) or healed spontaneously (6), and 15 persons were healthy.

[Ticks as a reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi and Coxiella burnetii on Polish terrain].

The aim of performed studies was to recognize the distribution of Coxiella burnetii and Borrelia burgdorferi infected ticks in Poland. The 1580 ticks infesting animals and humans were collected in different parts of the country. They belonged to Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Argas reflexus species.

Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis in Poland.

Tick-borne encephalitis are connected with existence of natural foci in environment, where virus circulation between natural host (rodents, wood mammals) and virus vectors does occur independently from humans. In Poland the first confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis occurred in following voivodships: białostockie, olsztyńskie, opolskie in 1948-1952. Between 1970 and 1993-816 cases of tick-borne encephalitis have been reported and annual morbidity has been from 0.

[Epidemiologic situation of Lyme borreliosis in Europe].

The aim of paper was to present epidemiological data related to Lyme borreliosis (LB), including reservoirs and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.).