[Myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: definitions, classification, and diagnostic criteria].

The review gives the definitions and classification of and diagnostic criteria for myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome in accordance with the "The third universal definition of myocardial infarction" adopted in 2012 (Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, 2012). It also discusses the clinical and morphological comparisons of and the problems in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction as a nosological entity within coronary heart disease with other coronarogenic and non-coronarogenic necroses of the myocardium.

[Endometrial pathology in elderly and senile age (a screening study)].

The results of an annual prophylactic medical examination were studied in 288 women aged 60-87 years. Primary and repeated visits revealed that 92.9% of the patients had endometrial pathology presented with glandular-fibrous polyps that both recurred and occurred de novo.

[The present views of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the senile lung].

The gross postmortem diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its differential diagnosis with senile lungs on autopsy specimens are much difficult if clinical, X-ray, and functional findings are absent. The diagnosis of COPD is now possible only if medical history and clinical data, external respiratory function, and disease severity are considered and compared with the gross and microscopic autopsy pattern, by obligatorily evaluating the state of collagen and elastic fibers. Taking into account the current definition and essence of COPD, it is expedient to reconsider existing stereotypes in the postmortem diagnosis of this disease, by focusing our efforts on the study of its morphologic substrate, patho-, and morphogenesis.

[Correlation of salivary and genital glands].

Based on the experimental data correlation of parotids and genital glands in 24 male rabbits 1.5 months after testectomy (full testectomy, unilateral partial resection and bilateral partial resection) was found out. The findings included hyperplasia, parenchyma atrophy, stromal and periductal sclerosis of the parotids.

[Pathologic anatomy of Barrett's esophagus].

It is most substantiated to define Barrett's esophagus as intestinal metaplasia of esophageal cardiac mucosa irrespective of its association with the endoscopically detected esophageogastric junction, which develops as a result of gastroesophageal reflux. There is a need for further investigations of the specific features of the cardiac-type mucosa. During endoscopic study, it is important to be alert when identifying short and ultrashort Barrett's esophagus and to sample sufficient biopsy material.

[Acute erosive gastropathies].

There is a rise in the rates of acute erosive gastropathies in patients with cardiovascular and other somatic diseases. The role of acute erosive gastropathy-induced hemorrhages in the tanatogenesis of these diseases is underestimated; the problems of their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment remained unsolved. Many factors, mainly acute or chronic ischemia of the gastroduodenal mucosa, as well as its age-related involution, Helicobacter pylori infection, reflux gastritis, multiple organ dysfunction, drug-induced damage, etc.

[Molecular biological features of ectopic and eutopic endometrium in genital endometriosis].

The molecular biological features of the eutopic and ectopic endometrium were studied in 46 patients with adenomyosis, 44 with endometrioid cysts in the ovaries, and 34 with disseminated mixed forms of genital endometriosis. Reproductive-aged patients with the eutopic endometrium in a proliferation phase with hyperplastic or inflammatory changes were selected. Ten samples of the endometrium in a phase proliferation, which had been obtained at medicolegal autopsy of women without reproductive disorders, were studied as a control group.

[State of the colon after cholecystectomy].

Study of the colon was carried out in patients with cholelithiasis after cholecystectomy. Estimated clinical symptoms, the mucous membrane status by the results of the histological, morphometric methods, computed ploidometry and immunomorphology of colon biopsy specimens. Mucosal atrophy, the buildup of sclerotic processes and proliferative activity of colonocytes was significantly more frequent in patients with cholecystectomy in history, than in patients with cholelithiasis and the control group.

[Acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

A total of 4684 autopsies made at Moscow multidisciplinary hospitals in 2002-2008 were studied to reveal the incidence and morphological features of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers in coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cases with combined, background, and concomitant diseases that could be independent causes of gastroduodenal lesions were excluded. Patients older than 60 years with infarctions of the myocardium or brain, a concurrence of CHD, CVD, and COPD, and various diseases with chronic heart failure syndrome, particularly in the presence of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus should be referred to as a risk group for acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers and their induced hemorrhages.

[Pathomorphology of the lung in severe influenza A/H1N1].

Thirty-five autopsy cases of influenza A/HIN1 in Moscow were analyzed. Primary pathological changes were found in the trachea and lung. The lung showed a pattern of the exudative and proliferative stages of diffuse alveolar damage.

[Pathological anatomy in A/H1N1 influenza].

Forty autopsy cases died from A/H1N1 influenza in Moscow, the Moscow Region, and Chita were analyzed. Major changes were found to develop in the trachea and lung. The lung showed the pattern of exudative and proliferative stages of diffuse alveolar lesion.

[The morphology of the immune system in opiomania, cannabism, and polynarcotism].

The organs of the immune system were morphologically and immunohistochemically studied in chronic opiomania (n = 219), cannabism (n = 22), and polynarcotism (n = 69) after excluding HIV-infected patients. In opiomania, immune disorders were identified in 98.6% of cases.

[Matters of identifying the categories of discrepancy between diagnoses as a part of the problem of organizing the clinical expert work of a postmortem service].

Whether the categories of a discrepancy between diagnoses should not be identified, which has been put by I. A. Kazantseva, is supported by the Society of Pathologists.

[Cytochrome P-450 aromatase expression in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium in endometriosis].

An immunoperoxidase test was used to reveal the expression of cytochrome P-450 aromatase in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of 14 patients with ovarian endometriosis and 26 with adenomyosis, whose age ranged from 21 to 47 years (38+/-2.0 years). Five endometrial samples taken at autopsy from the women who had died from injuries at ages of 32 to 47 years and who had no uterine or ovarian abnormities served as the control.

[Benign prostate hyperplasia as an age-related problem].

The incidence of genitourological diseases is greater that that of circulatory disorders, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest urological disease in the elderly and senile males. According to the results of the authors' clinicomorphological study, BPH has been detectable in 69% of the males who died at the age of above 60 years. BPH frequently occurs in patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome, which necessitates a search for the commonness of causes or mechanisms of development of these diseases.

[Formulation and coding of a postmortem diagnosis by using the ICD-10 in blood circulation disorders].

The paper presents the rules of formulation and coding of a postmortem diagnosis in blood circulatory diseases in accordance with the requirements of the ICD-10 and the standards of morbid anatomy service, which have been approved by the Federal Agency for Health Care and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

[Clinical and morphological characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors].

GIST are stromal tumors and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and some other organs of spindle-cell or epithelioid-cell structure expressing CD117 (C-kit, KIT), as well as those at different rates and in different combinations, CD34, smooth muscle and/or neurogenic differentiation antigens. It should be taken into account that CD117 are also expressed by melanomas, vascular, and some other tumors. The c-kit gene mutations leading to the expression and autoactivation of the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT underlie the oncogenesis of GIST, which results in enhanced proliferative activity and inhibited apoptosis.

[Immunomorphological characteristics and criteria for predicting gastrointestinal stromal tumors].

The study of 36 cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) (n = 26 of the stomach and n = 10 of the duodenum, small bowel, and rectum) indicated that among the clinical symptoms, there were prevalent abdominal pains and gastrointestinal bleeding. Local invasion and metastases were detected in 11 patients. According to the risk of aggressiveness, 1 tumor presented a very low risk; 5, a low risk; 14, a moderate risk; and 16 a high risk.

[Prospects for using combined three-dimensional injection of gel transplants with autologous and allogenic cell cultures in reproductive medicine].

A combined cellular transplant for injection has been designed, by using lowly differentiated stromal fat tissue cells obtained from Wistar rats and it preserved biological and physical properties after passing through a small-diameter injection needle (an insulin syringe). A morphological study of the results of its transplantation into paraurethral tissues in 28 female rats showed that the transplant cells, autologous ones in particular, activated the proliferation of local connective tissue cell populations and retained their viability and proliferative and synthetic activities up 20 days or more. At the end of the experiment (on days 27-35), marked focal connective tissue enlargement at the site of injection of both allo- and autografts results in the narrowing of the urethral lumen.

[Detection rates of various serotypes of human papilloma virus in atypical glandular hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and their immunomorphological features in virus-positive cases].

Various virus serotypes were found in 35.3% of cases and their detection rate frequency reducing with age. They were detectable in 35.

[Changes in regional meningeal immunity in local immunomodulating therapy in patients with acute traumatic intracranial hematomas].

A clinicomorphological study of 660 patients with acute traumatic intracranial hematomas has shown that pneummonia develops in 56% of cases, intracranial complications (purulent meningitis) in 14%.Pyoinflammatory complications were 1.5-1.

[Clinical and morphological characteristics and factors of prognosis of pulmonary thromboembolism].

Analysis of 146,521 autopsy protocols in Moscow in 2001-2005 showed that the incidence pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) as a direct cause of death was 3.8-7%. PTE was not diagnosed during life in 20-28% of the patients who had died at hospitals and in 68-72% of those who had died at home.

[Foreign experience in registering and analyzing the poor outcomes of treatment].

Negative consequences of treatment are observed at least in 16% patients at multidisciplinary hospitals and may result from the causes that are independent of medical staff, but more frequently from errors and inadequate treatment standards due to human factors. Systematic improvement of professionalism, which should be started from some educational reforms at medical institutes, is needed.

[Standards of postmortem studies and services: a new normative basis of postmortem service].

Standards for organization of a postmortem service have been approved by the Russian Health Care Surveillance Committee in 2006.