Enhanced glycolysis-derived lactate promotes microglial activation in Parkinson's disease via histone lactylation.

The switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is crucial for microglial activation. Recent studies highlight that histone lactylation promotes macrophage homeostatic gene expression via transcriptional regulation, but its role in microglia activation in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose alleviates microgliosis, neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurons damage by reducing lactate accumulation in PD mice.

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: Estrogen is a master regulator of the bioenergetic system in the female brain, exerting broad control over metabolic processes from glucose transport to glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP generation. The loss of estrogen during the perimenopausal transition is associated with decline in brain glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function which can contribute to the two-fold greater lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women. While both ERα and ERβ have been reported to mediate E2 regulation of brain bioenergetic function, their cell-type specific contribution to bioenergetic homeostasis has yet to be elucidated.

R(3780) Resonance Interpreted as the 1^{3}D_{1}-Wave Dominant State of Charmonium from Precise Measurements of the Cross Section of e^{+}e^{-}→Hadrons.

We report the precise measurements of the cross section of e^{+}e^{-}→hadrons at center-of-mass energies from 3.645 to 3.871 GeV.

Adiponectin targets the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway to alleviate cognitive impairment in epilepsy.

Among patients with chronic epilepsy, 70‑80% have cognitive impairment. To investigate the relationship between adiponectin (ADPN) and the cognitive level in epilepsy and its mechanism, 20 epileptic patients and 20 healthy controls were included for the assessment of the cognitive level. An ELISA was used to evaluate the serum ADPN level.

Integrated course on ocular anatomy for ophthalmology clerkship.

Background: Obtaining a full understanding of the anatomical structure of the eyeball and the contents within the eye plays a crucial role in learning eye diseases. However, it can be challenging for beginners to quickly learn, memorize, and apply this anatomical knowledge. To improve the teaching of ocular anatomy and help students overcome learning difficulties in ophthalmology clerkship, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center developed an integrated ocular anatomy course comprising three main components: 'online preview,' 'lecture,' and 'wetlab dissection'.