Echocardiographic changes in the development of the athlete' s heart in 9 to 20-year-old male subjects.

The purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to estimate the age at which specific traits of the "athlete's heart" first appear and how they evolve from the beginning of regular physical training until young adulthood in healthy active males. Male athletes (n=389) and non-athletes (n=55) aged between 9 and 20 years were examined by two-dimensionally guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. Intragroup differences were examined by t-tests for independent samples between age groups of two years each.

Echocardiographic characteristics of male athletes of different age.

Two dimensionally guided M mode and Doppler echocardiographic data for 578 male subjects (106 non-athletic and 472 athletes) were analysed from two aspects: (a) in the young adult category (19--30 years of age), competitors in different groups of sports were studied; (b) in the different age groups (children, 10--14 years; adolescent juniors, 15--18 years; young adults, 19--30 years; adults, 31--44 years; older adults 45--60 years), data for athletes and non-athletes were compared. Morphological variables were related to body size by indices in which the exponents of the numerator and denominator were matched. Morphological signs of athletic heart were most consistently evident in the left ventricular muscle mass: in the young adult group, the highest values were seen in the endurance athletes, followed by the ball game players, sprinters/jumpers, and power athletes.

Gender differences in the echocardiographic characteristics of the athletic heart.

Differences between males and females in the effects of regular physical training on the heart were investigated by echocardiography in 579 male (nonathletes: 122, athletes: 457) and in 336 (nonathletes: 84, athletes: 252) female subjects of variable age. The age groups were: children (<15 yr.), adolescent-young (15-18 yr.

The effect of detraining on echocardiographic parameters due to injury.

Regular exercise training modifies the morphological and functional properties as well as the autonomous regulation of the heart. Such changes constitute what is termed an athletic heart, and were found to be reversible so after a discontinuation of regular exercise cardiac parameters gradually return to the non-athletic values. As yet, however, it has not been fully settled 1) how long a period of detraining is necessary to elicit such reversion, and 2) whether the various characteristics of an athletic heart would move concurrently or the time course of their change is different.

Doppler echocardiographic examinations in the assessment of the athletic heart.

Doppler echocardiography is a method with the help of which flow velocity and the duration of different intervals can be estimated. The ratio between early and late peak velocities (E/A) is linearly proportional to diastolic function, i.e.