Phylogeography of the temperate grassland plant Tephroseris kirilowii (Asteraceae) inferred from multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) data.

A group of temperate grassland plant species termed the "Mansen elements" occurs in Japan and is widely distributed in the grasslands of continental East Asia. It has been hypothesized that these species are continental grassland relicts in Japan that stretch back to a colder age, but their migration history has not been elucidated. To assess the migration history of the Mansen elements, we performed phylogeographic analyses of Tephroseris kirilowii, a member of this group, using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq).

Phylogeography of the East Asian grassland plant, Viola orientalis (Violaceae), inferred from plastid and nuclear restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data.

To elucidate the origin and migration history of the "Mansen elements," a group of temperate grassland plants mainly distributed in northeastern Asia, phylogeographic analyses based on chloroplast DNA markers and double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) data were performed on Viola orientalis, one of the representative species of the group. Phylogenetic analyses using ddRAD-seq data revealed that the populations of V. orientalis were clustered into five clades, among which the continental clades made of populations from Russia and Korea diverged more than 100,000 years earlier than the Japanese clades.

Phylogeography of (Ranunculaceae), a grassland species, in Japan.

The genetic diversity and structure of a continental-grassland relict, were investigated using variations in chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and microsatellites of nuclear DNA. In the analyses of three cpDNA regions, 17 haplotypes were found in 24 populations of from Japan, Korea, and Russia. Although the route and time of migration between the continent of Asia and Japan could not be well resolved, the cpDNA haplotype network suggests the existence of several ancient lineages in Japan and a recent secondary migration from Japan to the continent.

[Akatinol memantine in the therapy of cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease].

Thirty-eight patients, 20 male, 18 female, mean age 61.8+/-7.7 years, illness duration 8.

[Transformation of cortical functional systems during the process of motor habit formation and disruption].

Specific cortical functional systems with synphasic and coherent activities were revealed in the left hemisphere as reflecting the motor program by means of the topical specifics. Diminishing of the activity synchronous character in the precentral and prefrontal areas and its increasing in the precentral and parietal inferior areas occurred in the course of motor automatization, i.e.