A review of colistin-resistant isolates in the Middle East: mechanisms, epidemiology, and dissemination from different sources in humans, animals, foodand soil.

is a normal gut inhabitantthat can cause various diseases ,such as intestinal, urinary tract, bladder infections and systemic infections in humans and animals. The alarming increase in profiles for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-  and carbapenemase-producing isolates is a serious problem throughout the world. Colistin is known as a lastresort agent for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Molecular detection of Class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in hypervirulent and classic isolates: A cross-sectional study.

Background And Aims: The "hypervirulent" variant of (hvKp) is an emerging pathogen that cause life-threatening infection. The present study was conducted to identify the prevalence of hvKp and to investigate the presence class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in these isolates.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three teaching hospitals, Ahvaz, South-west of Iran, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020.

Design of a novel analogue peptide with potent antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus based upon a sapecin B-derived peptide.

Nowadays, antimicrobial peptides are promising to confront the existing global crisis of antibiotic resistance. Here, a novel analogue peptide (mKLK) was designed based upon a D-form amidated sapecin B-derived peptide (KLK) by replacing two lysine residues with two tryptophan and one leucine by lysine, and inserting one alanine. The mKLK displayed superior amphipathic helixes in which the most of hydrophobic residues are confined to one face of the helix and had a higher hydrophobic moment compared with KLK.

Toxin-antitoxin Genes Expression in Multidrug-resistant Isolates under Drug Exposure.

Introduction: Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) are highly conserved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The TAs role in maintaining and disseminating drug resistance in bacterial populations has been indicated. So, we aimed to analyze the expression level of mazEF-related genes in drugsusceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mtb isolates under isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) stress.