Development of a dehydrated fortified food base from fermented milk and parboiled wheat, and comparison of its composition and reconstitution behavior with those of commercial dried dairy-cereal blends.

Dehydrated blends of milk and cereal are reconstituted and consumed as a nutritious soup or porridge in many regions; the composition and reconstitution behavior of the blends are likely to impact on nutritional quality and consumer acceptability of the soup/porridge. Experimental samples of dried fermented milk-bulgur wheat blend (FMBW) and commercial samples of dried dairy-cereal blends, namely kishk, tarhana, and super cereal plus corn-soy blend (SCpCSB) were compared for composition, color, water sorption, and reconstitution characteristics. FMBW blends had higher contents of protein, Ca, lactose and lactic acid, lower levels of salt (NaCl) and Fe, and a lighter, more-yellow color (higher * and *-color co-ordinates) than tarhana or kishk.

Fortified Blended Food Base: Effect of Co-Fermentation Time on Composition, Phytic Acid Content and Reconstitution Properties.

Dehydrated blends of dairy-cereal combine the functional and nutritional properties of two major food groups. Fortified blended food base (FBFB) was prepared by blending fermented milk with parboiled wheat, co-fermenting the blend at 35 °C, shelf-drying and milling. Increasing co-fermentation time from 0 to 72 h resulted in powder with lower lactose, phytic acid and pH, and higher contents of lactic acid and galactose.

Comparison of the nutritional composition of experimental fermented milk:wheat bulgur blends and commercially available kishk and tarhana products.

Dried, fermented blends of dairy products and cereals, such as kishk and tarhana, are foodstuffs traditionally consumed in many regions as they possess good nutritional qualities and extended storage stability. This study examined the nutritional composition of kishk or tarhana type products and compared with experimental blends of fermented milk and wheat bulgur containing 60-80% milk. The blends with higher milk contents had levels of protein (18.

Cereal type significantly affects the composition and reconstitution characteristics of dried fermented milk-cereal composites.

Background: Dairy and cereal products are frequently combined to create composites with enhanced nutritional benefits. Commercially available dried dairy-cereal composites are typically reconstituted and cooked to produce porridge or soup.

Results: Dried fermented milk-cereal composites (FMCC) with ∼193 g kg protein were prepared by blending fermented milk with parboiled oats (FMCCo), wheat (FMCCw), or barley (FMCCb), incubating the blend, drying, and milling.

Antifungal activity of a de novo synthetic peptide and derivatives against fungal food contaminants.

The development of novel solutions to fight microbial food contaminants rests upon two pillars, which are the development of resistant strains and consumers' desire for a reduced consumption of synthetic drugs. Natural antimicrobial peptides possess the qualities to overcome these issues. De novo synthesis of novel antifungal compounds is a major progress that has been facilitated by the identification of parameters involved in the antimicrobial activity.

The Proportion of Fermented Milk in Dehydrated Fermented Milk⁻Parboiled Wheat Composites Significantly Affects Their Composition, Pasting Behaviour, and Flow Properties on Reconstitution.

Dairy and cereal are frequently combined to create composite foods with enhanced nutritional benefits. Dehydrated fermented milk⁻wheat composites (FMWC) were prepared by blending fermented milk (FM) and parboiled wheat (W), incubating at 35 °C for 24 h, drying at 46 °C for 48 h, and milling to 1 mm. Increasing the weight ratio of FM to W from 1.

Antioxidant activities and selected characteristics of gelatin hydrolysates from seabass (Lates calcarifer) skin as affected by production processes.

Antioxidant activities and selected characteristics of gelatin hydrolysates from seabass skin as affected by production processes were investigated. Hydrolysates were prepared using different processes, including hydrolysis during and after gelatin extraction. Samples hydrolysed during gelatin extraction showed a higher degree of hydrolysis (DH) and yield compared with those hydrolysed after gelatin extraction (p < 0.

Antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects of gelatin hydrolysate from unicorn leatherjacket skin.

Background: The in vitro cellular bioactivities including, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects of a gelatin hydrolysate (GH) prepared from unicorn leatherjacket skin, using partially purified glycyl endopeptidase, were investigated in order to optimize the use of fish skin waste products as functional food ingredients.

Results: GH under the tested concentrations (750-1500 µg mL(-1) ) protected against H2 O2 -induced DNA damage in U937 cells. GH also protected against the H2 O2 -induced reduction in cellular antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in HepG2 cells.

Cellular Transport and Bioactivity of a Major Saffron Apocarotenoid, Picrocrocin (4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde).

The cellular transport and bioactivity of the second major saffron apocarotenoid, picrocrocin, was examined in parallel to that of the major group, crocetin sugar esters, in aqueous extracts. The transport of pure picrocrocin was investigated in comparison to that of other saffron apocarotenoids, trans-crocetin (di-β-D-gentiobiosyl) ester and crocetin using the Caco-2 cell model coupled with an in vitro digestion procedure. RP-HPLC-DAD was employed to quantify the bioaccessible and bioavailable amounts of individual apocarotenoids.

A study of the ability of bioactive extracts from brewers' spent grain to enhance the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of food formulations following in vitro digestion.

Bioactivity of a snack-bar, chocolate-drink and yogurt fortified with brewers' spent grain (BSG) phenolic extracts (P2 or B2) or protein hydrolysates (barley protein hydrolysate (BPH), BPH < 3 kDa, BPH < 5 kDa, BPH > 5 kDa) was measured following gastrointestinal in vitro digestion. Concentrations of 0.5 and 0.

Anti-inflammatory effects of wild Irish mushroom extracts in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells.

Mushrooms and mushroom extracts have traditionally been used as therapies for a wide variety of ailments, including allergy, arthritis, and other inflammatory disorders. However, more evidence is required on the mechanism by which mushrooms exert these effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol and hot water extracts prepared from 27 fungal samples collected between October and November 2011 at various forest locations in the southwest of Ireland were investigated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW264.

Phenolic-enriched fractions from brewers' spent grain possess cellular antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects in cell culture model systems.

Background: Large quantities of brewers' spent grain (BSG), a co-product of the brewing industry, are produced annually. BSG contains hydroxycinnamic acids, and phenolic-rich extracts from BSG have previously demonstrated the ability to protect against oxidant-induced DNA damage. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of eight phenolic extracts from BSG: four pale (P1-P4) and four black (B1-B4) extracts.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) protein hydrolysates decrease hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and concanavalin-A (con-A) stimulated IFN-γ production in cell culture.

The present study investigated the bioactivity of protein hydrolysates and fractionated hydrolysates prepared from brewers' spent grain (BSG) using proteases, including Alcalase 2.4L, Flavourzyme and Corolase PP. Hydrolysates were designated K-Y, including fractionated hydrolysates with molecular weight (m.

Antioxidant and pro-apoptotic effects of marine-derived, multi-mineral aquamin supplemented with a pine bark extract, Enzogenol, and a green tea extract, Sunphenon.

A high dietary intake of polyphenols has been associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, attributed in part to their antioxidant activity and pro-apoptotic effects. Aquamin is a multi-mineral algal extract that enhances bone mineralization, relieves osteoarthritis, and aids digestion; however, Aquamin has not demonstrated antioxidant activity. In the present study, Aquamin was supplemented with 8% Enzogenol, a pine bark extract with a high phenolic content, and 2% Sunphenon, a green tea extract that also has a high phenolic content to produce a mixed product (A:E:S).

The hydroxycinnamic acid content of barley and brewers' spent grain (BSG) and the potential to incorporate phenolic extracts of BSG as antioxidants into fruit beverages.

The hydroxycinnamic acid (HA) content of starting barley for brewers' spent grains (BSG), whole BSG and phenolic extracts from BSG was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and correlated with antioxidant potential. The effect of BSG phenolic extracts on antioxidant activity of fruit beverages was also assessed (using the total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). The concentration of HA present in barley extract and BSG was in the order of ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA) derivatives, FA derivatives, p-CA, caffeic acid (CA) and CA derivatives.

Changes in total and individual crocetin esters upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of saffron aqueous extracts.

Changes that may be expected in crocetin esters (crocins) upon digestion were examined in saffron aqueous extracts for the first time. Chemical characterization of total and individual crocins and other bioactive compounds was achieved by UV-vis spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC-DAD, and LC-ESI-MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays and the comet assay.

Brewers' spent grain; bioactivity of phenolic component, its role in animal nutrition and potential for incorporation in functional foods: a review.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is a low-value co-product of the brewing industry produced in large quantities annually. This paper reviews the existing evidence regarding the phenolic component of BSG, focusing on composition, extraction and biofunctions such as antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Furthermore, the incorporation of BSG in foodstuffs will be discussed, including the use of BSG as an animal feed supplement and the potential of BSG to be incorporated into foods for human consumption.

Phenolic extracts of brewers' spent grain (BSG) as functional ingredients - assessment of their DNA protective effect against oxidant-induced DNA single strand breaks in U937 cells.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG), a by-product of the brewing industry, contains high amounts of phenolic acids, which have antioxidant effects. The present study examined the ability of BSG extracts to protect against the genotoxic effects of oxidants, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) and tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH) in U937 cells. Four pale (P1-P4) and four black (B1-B4) BSG extracts were investigated.

Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the oxidized derivatives of stigmasterol in the U937 human monocytic cell line.

Dietary exposure to phytosterols has increased in recent years due to the incorporation of these compounds into cholesterol-lowering products. Previous studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of the oxidized derivatives of β-sitosterol and determined that phytosterol oxidation products (POP) have a similar but less potent toxicity compared to their cholesterol equivalents. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the oxidized derivatives of stigmasterol were investigated in the U937 cell line.

Death-signaling pathways in human myeloid cells by oxLDL and its cytotoxic components 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol-5beta,6beta-epoxide.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein contains many potentially proatherogenic molecules, including oxysterols, which have been shown to induce apoptosis in various cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathway of apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and the oxysterols, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol-5beta,6beta-epoxide, in two human monocytic cell lines. The HL-60 cells appeared to be more sensitive to oxidized low-density lipoprotein than U937 cells, whereas the isolated oxysterols were more potent inducers of apoptosis in the U937 cells.

Modulatory effects of resveratrol, citroflavan-3-ol, and plant-derived extracts on oxidative stress in U937 cells.

Phytochemicals and plant extracts, present in fruit, vegetables, plants, herbs, and beverages, have been shown to have antioxidant potential that may modulate the etiology of certain chronic diseases. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of compound that inhibited cell growth by 50% (IC(50)) of a range of phytochemicals and plant extracts and to investigate their antioxidant and genoprotective effects under conditions of oxidative stress in U937 cells. Two phytochemicals-resveratrol and citroflavan-3-ol-and four plant extracts-grapeseed polyphenols, olive leaf extract, bearberry, and Echinacea purpurea-were examined.

The role of the mitochondria in apoptosis induced by 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol-5beta,6beta-epoxide.

Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol that may be formed endogenously or absorbed from the diet. Significant amounts of oxysterols have frequently been identified in foods of animal origin, in particular highly processed foods. To date, oxysterols have been shown to possess diverse biological activities; however, recent attention has focused on their potential role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Differential effects of mixtures of cholesterol oxidation products on bovine aortic endothelial cells and human monocytic U937 cells.

Cholesterol oxidation products or oxysterols are of interest due to their hypothesized role in the development of atherosclerosis. The objective of the present study was to assess the cytotoxic effects of mixtures of oxysterols: 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7beta -OHC), and cholesterol-5beta,6beta -epoxide (beta -epox) on two cell types associated with the atherosclerotic process, bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells and human monocytic U937 cells. Cells were exposed to 25-OHC, 7beta -OHC, or beta -epox, or equimolar mixtures (30 mu M) of 25-OHC and 7beta -OHC, 25-OHC and beta-epox, or 7beta-OHC and beta -epox for 48 h.

Generation of an oxidative stress precedes caspase activation during 7beta-hydroxycholesterol-induced apoptosis in U937 cells.

The oxysterol 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7beta-OH) has been shown to induce apoptosis in a number of cell lines. Though not fully elucidated, the mechanism through which this oxysterol induces cell death is thought to involve the generation of an oxidative stress leading to perturbation of the mitochondrion and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Cytochrome c together with Apaf-1 causes activation of the initiator caspase, caspase-9, which in turn activates caspase-3 ultimately leading to the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).