Pain Management Program in Cardiology: A Template for Application of Normalization Process Theory and Social Marketing to Implement a Change in Practice Quality Improvement.

Quality improvement plays a major role in healthcare, and numerous approaches have been developed to implement changes. However, the reasons for success or failure of the methods applied often remains obscure. Normalization process theory, recently developed in sociology, provides a flexible framework upon which to construct quality improvement.

Pain During "Noncomplex" Electrophysiological Studies and Cardiac Rhythm Device Surgery.

Background: There are only limited data about peri-interventional pain during cardiac electrophysiological procedures without analgosedation. In this study, peri-interventional pain and recollection of it after the intervention were evaluated.

Methods: A total of 101 patients (43 electrophysiological/ablation procedures and 58 device surgeries) reported pain on a numerical rating scale (NRS; 0-10) before (pre), during (peri), and after (post) the intervention.