Surgical treatment of a chronically fixed lateral patella dislocation in an adolescent patient.

Acute patellar dislocation or subluxation is a common cause for knee injuries in the United States and accounts for 2% to 3% of all injuries. Up to 49% of patients will have recurrent subluxations or dislocations. Importance of both soft tissue (predominantly, the medial patellofemoral ligament, MPFL, which is responsible for 60% of the resistance to lateral dislocation) and bony constraint of femoral trochlea in preventing subluxation and dislocation is well documented.

Scoliosis and kyphosis in adolescents: diagnosis and management.

Scoliosis and kyphosis are spinal deformities that are commonly detected in the adolescent years. Scoliosis has many etiologies but is usually idiopathic. The natural history concerns pulmonary restriction, back pain, and self-image.