What does Juneteenth mean in STEMM?

Juneteenth commemorates the freeing of the last large group of enslaved people in 1865 at the end of the American Civil War. We asked several Black scientists what Juneteenth means to them in the context of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM)? Their answers run the emotional gamut.

Regulation of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine by TET2 Contributes to Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumorigenesis.

DNA methylation is a key regulatory event controlling a variety of physiological processes and can have dramatic effects on gene transcription. Methylated cytosine (5-methylcytosine) can be oxidized by the TET family of enzymes to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), a key intermediate in the demethylation cycle, and 5-hmC levels are reduced in malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and melanoma. We constructed a tissue microarray of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma tumors and found a global reduction in 5-hmC levels compared with that in the adjacent skin.

Establishing a High Throughput Epidermal Spheroid Culture System to Model Keratinocyte Stem Cell Plasticity.

Epithelial dysregulation is a node for a variety of human conditions and ailments, including chronic wounding, inflammation, and over 80% of all human cancers. As a lining tissue, the skin epithelium is often subject to injury and has evolutionarily adapted by acquiring the cellular plasticity necessary to repair damaged tissue. Over the years, several efforts have been made to study epithelial plasticity using in vitro and ex vivo cell-based models.

Self-assembling 3D spheroid cultures of human neonatal keratinocytes have enhanced regenerative properties.

Relative to conventional two-dimensional (2-D) culture, three-dimensional (3-D) suspension culture of epithelial cells more closely mimics the in vivo cell microenvironment regarding cell architecture, cell to matrix interaction, and osmosis exchange. However, primary normal human keratinocytes (NHKc) rapidly undergo terminal differentiation and detachment-induced cell death (anoikis) upon disconnection from the basement membrane, thus greatly constraining their use in 3-D suspension culture models. Here, we examined the 3-D anchorage-free growth potential of NHKc isolated from neonatal skin explants of 59 different individuals.

Loss of the Epigenetic Mark 5-hmC in Psoriasis: Implications for Epidermal Stem Cell Dysregulation.

Epigenetic regulation has a profound influence on stem cell fate during normal development in maintenance of physiologic tissue homeostasis. Here we report diminished ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenase expression and loss of the DNA hydroxymethylation mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in keratinocyte stem cells and transit amplifying cells in human psoriasis and in imiquimod-induced murine psoriasis. Loss of 5-hmC was associated with dysregulated keratinocyte stem cell kinetics, resulting in accumulation of nestin and FABP5-expressing transit amplifying cells to produce classic psoriatic epidermal architecture.

Stem Cell Properties of Normal Human Keratinocytes Determine Transformation Responses to Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the genital tract is common; however, only about 10 to 15% of infections persist, and approximately 10 to 15% of these persistent infections result in cancer. Basal epidermal stem cells are the presumed target cells for HPV infection, providing a reservoir of latently infected cells that persist over time and initiate lesions. However, it is not known whether stem cell density has any influence on transformation of human keratinocytes by HPV.

Commensals and Foodborne Pathogens can Arbitrate Epithelial-carcinogenesis.

Major shifts in intestinal commensal bacteria often result in changes in CD4 T lymphocyte populations, leading to an influx of Th17 cells, chronic inflammation, and eventually cancer. Consequently, the inappropriate propagation of certain commensal species in the gut has been associated with mucosal inflammatory diseases and cancer development. Recent experiments investigating the relationships between food-borne pathogens, enteric bacteria, and cancer have exposed the ability of certain bacterial species to significantly reduce tumor size and tumor progression in mice.

Synthetic immunosurveillance systems: nanodevices to monitor physiological events.

The field of nanotechnology has recently seen vast advancements in its applications for therapeutic strategy. This technological revolution has led way to nanomedicine, which spurred the development of clever drug delivery designs and ingenious nanovehicles for the monitoring of cellular events in vivo. The clinical implementations of this technology are innumerable and have demonstrated utility as diagnostic tools and fortifying machineries for the mammalian immune system.

Antibiotrophs: The complexity of antibiotic-subsisting and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

Widespread overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of numerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria; among these are antibiotic-subsisting strains capable of surviving in environments with antibiotics as the sole carbon source. This unparalleled expansion of antibiotic resistance reveals the potent and diversified resistance abilities of certain bacterial strains. Moreover, these strains often possess hypermutator phenotypes and virulence transmissibility competent for genomic and proteomic propagation and pathogenicity.

Emergence of Antibiotic-Producing Microorganisms in Residential Versus Recreational Microenvironments.

Aims: To identify novel antibiotic-producing microbial strains with unprecedented pertinence. We hypothesize that site-specific soil samples will contain a variety of antibiotic-producing species (APS) with diverse specificity of molecular elements.

Place And Duration Of Study: Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA-16701, USA, between August 2010 and May 2011.