Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells integrate into the injured spinal cord in the fetal lamb model of myelomeningocele.

Background/purpose: Neurological function in patients with myelomeningocele (MMC) is limited even after prenatal repair. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) can improve neurological function in models of spinal cord injury. We aimed to evaluate the survival, integration, and differentiation of human NCSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-NCSCs) in the fetal lamb model of MMC.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates GABA(A) receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane of spinal cord neurons in vivo.

The proinflammatory cytokine TNFα contributes to cell death in central nervous system (CNS) disorders by altering synaptic neurotransmission. TNFα contributes to excitotoxicity by increasing GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking to the neuronal plasma membrane. In vitro, increased AMPAR on the neuronal surface after TNFα exposure is associated with a rapid internalization of GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs), suggesting complex timing and dose dependency of the CNS's response to TNFα.

Animal models of neurologic disorders: a nonhuman primate model of spinal cord injury.

Primates are an important and unique animal resource. We have developed a nonhuman primate model of spinal cord injury (SCI) to expand our knowledge of normal primate motor function, to assess the impact of disease and injury on sensory and motor function, and to test candidate therapies before they are applied to human patients. The lesion model consists of a lateral spinal cord hemisection at the C7 spinal level with subsequent examination of behavioral, electrophysiological, and anatomical outcomes.

Methods for functional assessment after C7 spinal cord hemisection in the rhesus monkey.

Background: Reliable outcome measures are essential for preclinical modeling of spinal cord injury (SCI) in primates.

Measures: need to be sensitive to both increases and decreases in function in order to demonstrate potential positive or negative effects of therapeutics.

Objectives: To develop behavioral tests and analyses to assess recovery of function after SCI in the nonhuman primate.

Prenatal repair of myelomeningocele with aligned nanofibrous scaffolds-a pilot study in sheep.

Background/purpose: Spinal cord damage in myelomeningocele (MMC) results from abnormal cord development and subsequent local trauma. Prenatal surgery prevents additional neural injury. However, existing damage is not reversed.

Severity of locomotor and cardiovascular derangements after experimental high-thoracic spinal cord injury is anesthesia dependent in rats.

Anesthetics affect outcomes from central nervous system (CNS) injuries differently. This is the first study to show how two commonly used anesthetics affect continuously recorded hemodynamic parameters and locomotor recovery during a 2-week period after two levels of contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. We hypothesized that the level of cardiovascular depression and recovery of locomotor function would be dependent upon the anesthetic used during SCI.

Extensive spontaneous plasticity of corticospinal projections after primate spinal cord injury.

Although axonal regeneration after CNS injury is limited, partial injury is frequently accompanied by extensive functional recovery. To investigate mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury, we administered C7 spinal cord hemisections to adult rhesus monkeys and analyzed behavioral, electrophysiological and anatomical adaptations. We found marked spontaneous plasticity of corticospinal projections, with reconstitution of fully 60% of pre-lesion axon density arising from sprouting of spinal cord midline-crossing axons.

Glial restricted precursor cell transplant with cyclic adenosine monophosphate improved some autonomic functions but resulted in a reduced graft size after spinal cord contusion injury in rats.

Transplantation of glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells has been shown to reduce glial scarring after spinal cord injury (SCI) and, in combination with neuronal restricted precursor (NRP) cells or enhanced expression of neurotrophins, to improve recovery of function after SCI. We hypothesized that combining GRP transplants with rolipram and cAMP would improve functional recovery, similar to that seen after combining Schwann cell transplants with increasing cAMP. A short term study, (1) uninjured control, (2) SCI+vehicle, and (3) SCI+cAMP, showed that spinal cord [cAMP] was increased 14days after SCI.

Hypertonic saline attenuates cord swelling and edema in experimental spinal cord injury: a study utilizing magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: To use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize secondary injury immediately after spinal cord injury (SCI), and to show the effect of hypertonic saline on MRI indices of swelling, edema, and hemorrhage within the cord.

Design: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Setting: Research laboratory.

Longitudinal comparison of two severities of unilateral cervical spinal cord injury using magnetic resonance imaging in rats.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be a powerful tool for characterization of spinal cord pathology in animal models. We evaluated the utility of medium-field MRI for the longitudinal assessment of progression of spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model. Thirteen adult rats were subjected to a 6.

Novel technique for monitoring micturition and sexual function in male rats using telemetry.

We developed a novel technique to simultaneously monitor micturitions and erections in rats by using pressure monitoring within the corpus spongiosum of the penis (CSP). We present data validating this technique and report pressure waveform characteristics of micturition and erectile events during four different behavioral contexts in 10 awake, freely-moving male rats. Telemetric pressure transducers were implanted in the bulb of the CSP.

Alterations in eliminative and sexual reflexes after spinal cord injury: defecatory function and development of spasticity in pelvic floor musculature.

Spinal cord injury often results in loss of normal eliminative and sexual functions. This chapter is focused on defecatory function, although aspects of micturition and erectile function will be covered as well due to the overlap in anatomical organization and response to injury. These systems have both autonomic and somatic components, and are organized in the thoracolumbar (sympathetic), lumbosacral (somatic), and sacral (parasympathetic) spinal cord.

Telemetric monitoring of corpus spongiosum penis pressure in conscious rats for assessment of micturition and sexual function following spinal cord contusion injury.

Disruption of bladder function and sexual reflexes are major complications following spinal cord injury (SCI). We examined the use of telemetric monitoring of corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) pressures for assessment of micturition and erectile events following SCI in rats. Pressure catheters were implanted in the bulb of the CSP of seven male Long-Evans hooded rats, subjected to a standardized weight drop SCI (10 g x 12.

Effect of moderate exercise immediately followed by induced hyperglycemia on gene expression and content of the glucose transporter-4 protein in skeletal muscles of horses.

Objective: To determine the effect of a single bout of exercise and increased substrate availability after exercise on gene expression and content of the glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) protein in equine skeletal muscle.

Animals: 6 healthy adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedures: The study was designed in a balanced, randomized, 3-way crossover fashion.