Muscle Protein Synthesis with a Hybrid Dairy and Plant-Based Protein Blend (P4) Is Equal to Whey Protein in a Murine Ageing Model after Fasting.

P4, a specific combination of dairy proteins (whey and casein) and plant-based protein isolates (pea and soy), has been shown to provide a more balanced amino acid (AA) profile than its single constituent proteins; however, less is known about how this translates to muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of P4 compared to whey or casein against fasted control on MPS. C57BL/6J mice, aged 25 months, were fasted overnight, followed by oral gavage of either whey, P4, casein, or water as a fasted control.

Response and Adherence of Nursing Home Residents to a Nutrition/Exercise Intervention.

Objectives: Interindividual response variability to nutrition and exercise interventions is extensive in older adults. A group of nursing home (NH) residents participated in a combined intervention. The objective of this post-hoc analysis was to identify factors associated with intervention response measured by change in physical function and body composition.

Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Nutritional and Functional Outcomes in Geriatric Rehabilitation Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives: It has been recognized that nutritional interventions play a role in improving the nutritional and functional status of older persons. This systematic review summarizes the evidence on nutritional and functional outcomes of nutritional interventions alone or in combination with physical exercise in geriatric rehabilitation patients.

Design: Eight electronic databases were searched until July 1, 2019 to identify nutritional intervention studies in patients aged ≥60 years who were admitted to geriatric rehabilitation.

Effect of Sit-to-Stand Exercises Combined With Protein-Rich Oral Supplementation in Older Persons: The Older Person's Exercise and Nutrition Study.

Objectives: Nursing home (NH) residents are often undernourished and physically inactive, which contributes to sarcopenia and frailty. The Older Person's Exercise and Nutrition Study aimed to investigate the effects of sit-to-stand exercises (STS) integrated into daily care, combined with a protein-rich oral nutritional supplement (ONS), on physical function, nutritional status, body composition, health-related quality of life, and resource use.

Design: Residents in 8 NHs were randomized by NH units into an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG) (n = 60/group).

Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Malnutrition Frequently (Co-)occur in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the prevalence of, and association between, physical frailty or sarcopenia and malnutrition in older hospitalized adults.

Design: A systematic literature search was performed in 10 databases.

Setting And Participants: Articles were selected that evaluated physical frailty or sarcopenia and malnutrition according to predefined criteria and cutoffs in older hospitalized patients.

A randomized-controlled trial of arginine infusion in severe sepsis on microcirculation and metabolism.

Background & Aims: Sepsis is hypothesized as an arginine deficient state, with lack of nitric oxide (NO) for adequate microcirculation and local perfusion. This study aimed to investigate if prolonged (72-h) intravenous l-arginine administration in sepsis patients improves microcirculation. Secondly, effects on arginine and protein metabolism, and organ function were studied.

Correction to: The prevalence and health burden of malnutrition in Belgian older people in the community or residing in nursing homes: results of the NutriAction II study.

In the original publication, table row alignment was incorrectly formatted for all the tables. The corrected tables are given below.

The prevalence and health burden of malnutrition in Belgian older people in the community or residing in nursing homes: results of the NutriAction II study.

Introduction: In 2008, the NutriAction study showed that (risk of) malnutrition was highly prevalent (57%) among Belgian older people living in the community or in a nursing home. In 2013, this study was repeated to re-evaluate the occurrence of malnutrition, as well as mobility problems and dependence in activities of daily living (ADL).

Methods: Health care professionals (HCPs) associated with homecare organizations and nursing homes across Belgium were invited to screen their patients and complete an online questionnaire.

Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice.

Background & Aims: It has been suggested that anabolic resistance, or a blunted protein synthetic response to anabolic stimuli, contributes to the failure of muscle mass maintenance in older adults. The amino acid leucine is one of the most prominent food-related anabolic stimuli. However, data on muscle protein synthesis (MPS) after administration of a single bolus of leucine in aged populations is lacking and long-term single leucine supplementation has not been shown to increase muscle mass.

The effect of endurance exercise on intestinal integrity in well-trained healthy men.

Exercise is one of the external factors associated with impairment of intestinal integrity, possibly leading to increased permeability and altered absorption. Here, we aimed to examine to what extent endurance exercise in the glycogen-depleted state can affect intestinal permeability toward small molecules and protein-derived peptides in relation to markers of intestinal function. Eleven well-trained male volunteers (27 ± 4 years) ingested 40 g of casein protein and a lactulose/rhamnose (L/R) solution after an overnight fast in resting conditions (control) and after completing a dual - glycogen depletion and endurance - exercise protocol (first protocol execution).

Both basal and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates, following the ingestion of a leucine-enriched whey protein supplement, are not impaired in sarcopenic older males.

Background: Studying the muscle protein synthetic response to food intake in elderly is important, as it aids the development of interventions to combat sarcopenia. Although sarcopenic elderly are the target group for many of these nutritional interventions, no studies have assessed basal or post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates in this population.

Objective: To assess the basal and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates between healthy and sarcopenic older men.

Differences in Nutrient Intake and Biochemical Nutrient Status Between Sarcopenic and Nonsarcopenic Older Adults-Results From the Maastricht Sarcopenia Study.

Background: There is growing evidence of a relationship between nutrients and muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. Although nutrition is seen as an important pillar of treating sarcopenia, data on the nutritional intake of sarcopenic older adults are limited.

Objective: To investigate potential nutritional gaps in the sarcopenic population, the present study compared nutrient intake and biochemical nutrient status between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic older adults.

Macronutrient Intake and Inadequacies of Community-Dwelling Older Adults, a Systematic Review.

Background: Anorexia of ageing may predispose older adults to under-nutrition and protein energy malnutrition. Studies, however, report a large variation in nutrient inadequacies among community-dwelling older adults.

Summary: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the energy and macronutrient intakes and possible inadequacies in community-dwelling older adults.

Micronutrient intakes and potential inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review.

Micronutrient deficiencies and low dietary intakes among community-dwelling older adults are associated with functional decline, frailty and difficulties with independent living. As such, studies that seek to understand the types and magnitude of potential dietary inadequacies might be beneficial for guiding future interventions. We carried out a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement.

Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial.

Background & Aims: The requirement of leucine and essential amino acids (EAA) to stimulate muscle protein synthesis increases with age. To target muscle anabolism it is suggested that higher postprandial blood levels of leucine and EAA are needed in older people. The aim was to evaluate the impact of oral nutritional supplements with distinct protein source and energy density, resembling mixed meals, on serum amino acid profiles and on gastrointestinal behaviour.

Instruments to assess sarcopenia and physical frailty in older people living in a community (care) setting: similarities and discrepancies.

Objectives: Both sarcopenia and physical frailty are geriatric syndromes causing loss of functionality and independence. This study explored the association between sarcopenia and physical frailty and the overlap of their criteria in older people living in different community (care) settings. Moreover, it investigated the concurrent validity of the FRAIL scale to assess physical frailty, by comparison with the widely used Fried criteria.

Arginine infusion in patients with septic shock increases nitric oxide production without haemodynamic instability.

Arginine deficiency in sepsis may impair nitric oxide (NO) production for local perfusion and add to the catabolic state. In contrast, excessive NO production has been related to global haemodynamic instability. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-response effect of intravenous arginine supplementation in post-absorptive patients with septic shock on arginine-NO and protein metabolism and on global and regional haemodynamics.

Postprandial muscle protein synthesis is higher after a high whey protein, leucine-enriched supplement than after a dairy-like product in healthy older people: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Decreased ability of muscles to respond to anabolic stimuli is part of the underlying mechanism for muscle loss with aging. Previous studies suggest that substantial amounts of essential amino acids (EAA), whey protein and leucine are beneficial for stimulation of acute muscle protein synthesis in older adults. However, these studies supplied only proteins, and no bolus studies have been done with dairy products or supplements that contained also fat and carbohydrates besides proteins.

1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 enhances the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin on protein synthesis rate through Akt/PKB and mTOR mediated pathways in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes.

Scope: In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence pointing to an effect of vitamin D on muscle mass and function. Our aim was to investigate the combined effect of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) with anabolic factors insulin and leucine on protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and regulation in the mouse C2C12 myotube.

Methods And Results: After differentiation, myotubes were cultured in 1,25(OH)2D3 solutions at 0, 1, or 10 nM for 72 h.

Stimulated nitric oxide production and arginine deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis with nutritional failure.

Objective: To determine whether upregulated whole body de novo arginine synthesis and protein breakdown are present as a compensatory mechanism to meet the increased demand for arginine and nitric oxide (NO) production in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and nutritional failure.

Study Design: In 16 children with CF, studied at the end of antibiotic treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation, and 17 healthy controls, whole body arginine, citrulline (Cit), and protein turnover were assessed by stable isotope methodology and de novo arginine synthesis, arginine clearance, NO synthesis, protein synthesis and breakdown, and net protein balance were calculated. The plasma isotopic enrichments and amino acid concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Validity and reliability of tools to measure muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review.

Background: This study critically appraises the measurement properties of tools to measure muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in community-dwelling older people. This can support the selection of a valid and reliable set of tools that is feasible for future screening and identification of sarcopenia.

Methods: The databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Cochrane were systematically searched (January 11, 2012).

Arginine de novo and nitric oxide production in disease states.

Arginine is derived from dietary protein intake, body protein breakdown, or endogenous de novo arginine production. The latter may be linked to the availability of citrulline, which is the immediate precursor of arginine and limiting factor for de novo arginine production. Arginine metabolism is highly compartmentalized due to the expression of the enzymes involved in arginine metabolism in various organs.

Increased protein-energy intake promotes anabolism in critically ill infants with viral bronchiolitis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.

Objective: The preservation of nutritional status and growth is an important aim in critically ill infants, but difficult to achieve due to the metabolic stress response and inadequate nutritional intake, leading to negative protein balance. This study investigated whether increasing protein and energy intakes can promote anabolism. The primary outcome was whole body protein balance, and the secondary outcome was first pass splanchnic phenylalanine extraction (SPE(Phe)).

Effects of L-arginine pretreatment on nitric oxide metabolism and hepatosplanchnic perfusion during porcine endotoxemia.

Background: Sepsis is accompanied by an increased need for and a decreased supply of arginine, reflecting a condition of arginine deficiency.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of l-arginine pretreatment on arginine-nitric oxide (NO) production and hepatosplanchnic perfusion during subsequent endotoxemia.

Design: In a randomized controlled trial, pigs (20-25 kg) received 3 μg .