14-Carbon demonstrates that some illegal ivory is being taken from government stockpiles.

The 14-carbon in animal tissues records the time that the tissues are formed; since the 1960s, using the "bomb curve" for C, the age of animal death can be determined accurately. Using animal tissue samples of known collection and formation dates for calibration, we determine the age of ivory samples from four ivory seizures made by law enforcement agencies between 2017 and 2019. The C measurements from these seizures show that most ivory in the illegal wildlife trade is from animals from recent poaching activities.

Elephant genotypes reveal the size and connectivity of transnational ivory traffickers.

Transnational ivory traffickers continue to smuggle large shipments of elephant ivory out of Africa, yet prosecutions and convictions remain few. We identify trafficking networks on the basis of genetic matching of tusks from the same individual or close relatives in separate shipments. Analyses are drawn from 4,320 savannah (Loxodonta africana) and forest (L.

A self-incompatibility system explains high male frequencies in an androdioecious plant.

Androdioecy is a sexual system in which males co-occur with hermaphrodites, which have both male and female function. Stable androdioecy is rare in nature, and theory suggests that it requires that males sire more than twice as many offspring as hermaphrodites. In several members of the olive family (Oleaceae), androdioecy occurs with higher frequencies of males than predicted by theory.