Monovalent selective electrodialysis: Modelling multi-ionic transport across selective membranes.

Monovalent selective electrodialysis (MSED) is a variant of conventional electrodialysis (ED) that employs selective ion exchange membranes to preferentially remove monovalent ions relative to divalent ions. This process can be beneficial when the divalent rich stream has potential applications. In agriculture, for example, a stream rich in calcium and magnesium is deemed beneficial for crops and can decrease the use of fertilizers that would otherwise need to be re-introduced to the source water prior to irrigation.

The Need for Accurate Osmotic Pressure and Mass Transfer Resistances in Modeling Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes.

The widely used van 't Hoff linear relation for predicting the osmotic pressure of NaCl solutions may result in errors in the evaluation of key system parameters, which depend on osmotic pressure, in pressure-retarded osmosis and forward osmosis. In this paper, the linear van 't Hoff approach is compared to the solutions using OLI Stream Analyzer, which gives the real osmotic pressure values. Various dilutions of NaCl solutions, including the lower solute concentrations typical of river water, are considered.

Minimum energy requirements for desalination of brackish groundwater in the United States with comparison to international datasets.

This paper uses chemical and physical data from a large 2017 U.S. Geological Survey groundwater dataset with wells in the U.