Emerging harmful algal bloom species over the last four decades in China.

The first recorded micro-algae bloom in Chinese coastal waters dates back to 1933 and was caused by a mixture of Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum sensu lato along the Zhejiang coast (the East China Sea). While well-documented harmful algal blooms (HABs) appeared to be extremely scarce from the 1950s to 1990, both the frequency and intensity have been reportedly increasing since 1990. Among them, the fish-killing HABs, mainly caused by Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium digitatum, Karlodinium veneficum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and Heterocapsa spp.

Bioavailability of Organic Phosphorus Compounds to the Harmful Dinoflagellate .

is one of the most well-known harmful bloom species in temperate coastal waters. The present study investigated the characteristics of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and phosphodiesterase (PDEase) activities in hydrolysis of two phosphomonoesters (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ribulose 5-phosphate (R5P)) and a phosphodiester (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)) in and compared its growth and physiological responses to the different forms of phosphorus substrates. produced comparable quantities of APase and PDEase to hydrolyze the organic phosphorus substrates, although hydrolysis of the phosphomonoesters was much faster than that of the phosphodiester.

Exploration of resting cysts (stages) and their relevance for possibly HABs-causing species in China.

The studies on the species diversity, distribution, environmental implications, and molecular basis of resting cysts (stages) of dinoflagellates and a few species of other groups conducted in China during the last three decades are reviewed. The major achievements are summarized as the following five aspects: 1) The continual efforts in detecting the species diversity of resting cysts (spores) in dinoflagellates and other classes using either morphological or molecular approaches, or both, in the four seas of China, which led to identifications of 106 species of dinoflagellate resting cysts and 4 species of resting stages from other groups of microalgae, with a total of 64 species of dinoflagellate cysts and the resting stage of the brown tide-causing Aureococcus anophagefferens being unequivocally identified via molecular approaches from the sediments of Chinese coastal waters; 2) The well-known toxic and HABs-causing dinoflagellates Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium veneficum, Akashiwo sanguinea and the pelagophyte A. anophagefferens were proven to be resting cyst (stage) producers via laboratory studies on their life cycles and field detections of resting cysts (resting stage cells).

Alkaline phosphatase activity during a phosphate replete dinoflagellate bloom caused by Prorocentrum obtusidens.

Prorocentrum obtusidens Schiller (formerly P. donghaiense Lu), a harmful algal species common in the East China Sea (ECS), often thrives with the depletion of phosphate. Three cruises in the spring of 2013 sampled an entire P.

Comparative uptake and assimilation of nitrate, ammonium, and urea by dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and diatom Skeletonema costatum s.l. in the coastal waters of the East China Sea.

The nitrogen uptake kinetics and physiological growth of Karenia mikimotoi and Skeletonema costatum sensu lato grown on different N substrates and concentrations were compared in the laboratory. In the presence of three N substrates, both species preferred to take up NH. K.

Alkaline phosphatase activities and regulation in three harmful Prorocentrum species from the coastal waters of the East China Sea.

Harmful blooms of Prorocentrum donghaiense occur annually in the phosphorus-scarce coastal waters of the East China Sea (ECS). The enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and its regulation by external phosphorus were studied during a P. donghaiense bloom in this area.

Inhibition of the growth of Alexandrium tamarense by algicidal substances in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata).

The wood sawdust from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) exhibited stronger inhibition on the growth of Alexandrium tamarense than those from alder (Alnus cremastogyne), pine (Pinus massoniana), birch (Betula alnoides) and sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum). The water extract, acetone-water extract and essential oil from fir sawdust were all shown to inhibit the growth of A. tamarense.

Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks.

The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best.

[Sodium dichlorinated isocyanuric acid and trichloroisocyanuric acid for removing cells of Phaeochystis globosa].

Removal and control of Phaeochystis globosa cells by sodium dichlorinated isocyanuric acid and tri-chloroisocyanuric acid were studied. Removal efficiency of the two algaecides was contrasted and removal mechanism was also discussed. The results suggest both of the algaecides have excellent ability to remove and control Phaeochystis globosa cells.

[Spectrophotometer detection of benzalkonium bromide concentration in seawater].

Benzalkonium bromide is a high-efficiency algaecide. Its concentration in seawater was measured by the method of spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the deposition appeared if the concentration of benzalkonium bromide in seawater was more than 50 mg.

[What the Prorocentrum species should be?--a review on identification of a Prorocentrum species from the East China Sea].

In the past decade, the Prorocentrum bloom was the most frequently occurred bloom in the East China Sea. It occurred every one year or two years, and covered huge areas. There were arguments on the identification of Prorocentrum bloom causative species.

[Povidone-iodine and isothiozolone for removing red tide algae Phaeoecystis globosa].

Studies on the removal and control of red tide algae Phaeoecystis globosa by povidone-iodine and isothiozolone algaecide showed that Phaeoecystis globosa could be killed and controlled by povidone-iodine and isothiozolone. The effective concentration of povidone-iodine was 30 mg.L-1, and that of isothiozolone was 0.

[Temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and nutrients during red tides].

The relationships between temporal dynamics of phytoplankton density and nutrients (NO3-, NH4+, PO4(3-), SiO3(2-), Fe) contents in the water body at Aotou waters of Daya Bay during red tide were comprehensively analysed based on the fixed position investigation of red tide in the summer of 2000 and the several years investigation data by using grey linear regression model. The relationships between phytoplankton cell density and chlorophyll a content were also analysed. The results showed that the predicted values were well consistent with the measurement values, and their correlation coefficients were between 0.

[Redescription of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu and comparison with relevant Prorocentrum species].

In this paper, the detailed morphology of Prorocentrum donghaiense was studied. Taxonomic comparison was made between P. donghaiense and other relevant Prorocentrum species.

[Species composition and ecological distribution of planktonic diatoms in the Changjiang River estuary during spring].

53 water samples were collected from 28 stations in typical regions where redtide frequently occurred in the Changjiang River estuary during Spring, 2002. In total, 80 diatom species and varieties belonging to 31 genera were identified, among which, genera with high species biodiversity included Coscinodiscus which contained 17 species and Pleurosigma which contained 8 species and varieties. Quantitative analysis of diatom cell density showed that Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissma (3.

[Distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts in surface sediments from the Changjiang River estuary].

In order to understand the potential of algal blooms, surface sediments were collected from 12 stations in the Changjiang River estuary with longitude from 122 degrees to 123.5 degrees E and latitude from 29 degrees to 32 degrees N from April to May 2002 to investigate the distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts, 29 different cyst morphotypes representing 19 genera and 6 groups were identified. Among them, there were 11 autotrophic species and 18 heterotrophic ones.