HD-ZIP IV genes are essential for embryo initial cell polarization and the radial axis formation in Arabidopsis.

Plants develop along apical-basal and radial axes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the radial axis becomes evident when the cells of the 8-cell proembryo divide periclinally, forming inner and outer cell layers. Although changes in cell polarity or morphology likely precede this oriented cell division, the initial events and the factors regulating radial axis formation remain elusive.

Next endoscopic approach for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding without an identified source on colonoscopy: upper or capsule endoscopy?

 We evaluated the utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or capsule endoscopy (CE) as the next diagnostic approach after negative colonoscopy (CS) results in acute-onset hematochezia.  We retrospectively analyzed 401 patients emergently hospitalized for acute hematochezia who underwent CS within 48 hours of arriving at two large emergency hospitals and in whom a definitive bleeding source was not identified. The positive endoscopic findings, requirement for additional therapeutic procedures, and 30-day rebleeding rates were compared among three strategies: EGD following CS (CS-EGD), CE following CS (CS-CE), and CS alone.