Biocompatible Core-Shell Microneedle Sensor Filled with Zwitterionic Polymer Hydrogel for Rapid Continuous Transdermal Monitoring.

Microneedle (MN)-based electrochemical biosensors hold promising potential for noninvasive continuous monitoring of interstitial fluid biomarkers. However, challenges, such as instability and biofouling, exist. This study proposes a design employing hollow MN to encapsulate a zwitterionic polymer hydrogel sensing layer with excellent biocompatibility and antifouling properties to address these issues.